A financial market, unlike the other markets, is more of an intangible concept and basically refers to a marketplace where buyers and sellers usually participate in an exchange of assets such as equities, bonds, derivatives and currencies. The basic characteristic of any financial market comprises of transparent pricing, basic regulations regarding costs and fees and a number of market forces, that determine the prices of securities that trade. These financial markets can be found almost in every single country across the world, some of these may be small, with a very few numbers of participants, while some are huge in terms of the amount of money they trade, for example, the New York Stock Exchange.
It is basically investors, who have an access to a great number of financial markets and exchanges, that deal with a vast array of financial products. Some of these markets have always been open to private investors, while some have always remained, pretty much exclusive in terms of catering to major international banks and financial professionals. There are a variety of financial markets, which make up the field of finance.
Capital Markets
These markets are where individuals and various organizations, deal with the trading of financial securities. There are a number of organizations and companies, that sell securities on these markets, in order to raise funds for themselves. This is why the capital markets consist of both primary as well as secondary markets. Any organization or corporation requires capital in order to finance its various operations, as well as to engage in long-term investments. In order to accomplish this, the corporation raises money through the sale of securities, basically bonds and stocks; all of which is in the name of the company.
Stock Markets
These are markets, which allow all of the investors to buy and sell the shares in publicly traded companies. They are popularly known to be the most vital area of a market economy, this is because they provide companies, with the access to capital and all the investors, with a chance to have a percentage of ownership in the company. This market is divided into primary markets as well as secondary markets.
Bond Markets
A bond refers to any debt investment in which, an investor loans money to an entity, this can be either corporate or governmental. This entity basically borrows the funds for a specific period of time Bonds are usually used by a number of companies, municipalities, states as well as governments, in order to finance a variety of projects and activities. This markets basically deals with buying and selling of bonds on the various credit markets, all over the world. This market is also referred to as the debt market or credit market or fixed-income market. The many types of bonds are corporate bonds, municipal bonds, notes and bills which are also known as treasuries and so on.
All of these markets require a financial professional, wither a corporate banker, investment bankers or portfolio manager and so on, to deal with their various aspects. The various attractive benefits that these markets offer are a result of a lot of finance aspirants seeking positions in the field of financial markets. Imarticus Learning is one of the best institute for finance and investment banking training and very much preferred by these professionals, in order to get a hang of how the markets work, through various certification courses in corporate finance, investment banking and so on.
Tag: short term courses in finance
Why is the Japanese Finance Market 2016’s Biggest Comeback Story?
In The News
Buoyed by a weak yen and a favorable monetary stance from the Bank of Japan, Japanese stocks have rebounded 20% showing the best gains among developing market peers. The Topix index was poised to join the Nikkei 225 in a bull market on Monday and the broader stock gauge will be up more than 20 per cent from its low in February. The benchmark Nikkei 225 ended up 104.78 points, or 0.59 percent, at 17,967.41, at its highest close since January 6.
This is quite the recovery for a market that had fallen 18 percent in the first have as the yen strengthened Shinzo Abe’s ‘Abeconomics’ received tepid response and was unable to revive economic growth.
Trump Victory– There is increased feeling that the shocking Trump victory will now lead to higher spending that will in turn fuel a rise in US interest rates and lead to a stronger US dollar. That would of course mean a weaker yen and a excellent outlook for Japanese exporters like Sony and Toyota. The Yen has dropped 6 percent against the dollar in the last month itself, much more than any other Asian currency.
Bank of Japan monetary policy– The Bank of Japan also restrained itself and refrained from lowering rates, which allows us to infer that they believe the Japanese Economy is about to bounce back after stalling in the second quarter. “The bigger picture is that spare capacity is shrinking gradually: gross domestic product expanded by 0.9 per cent over the past 12 months, which is above potential growth,” said Marcel Thieliant, analyst at Capital Economics in Singapore to the Financial Times. The surge in growth came on the back of favourable balance of payments. Exports rose and Imports fell. The BOJ capped 10-year bonds at 0 percent.
But it’s best not to celebrate too soon because nominal growth, which does not adjust for price changes, was weaker at 0.8 percent vs the real growth of 2.2 percent. This could mean Japan is sliding into a period of deflation – a contraction of in the supply of circulated money, leading to increased purchasing power and wages higher than would have normally been.
This, and a lot more, is one of the topics we discuss in our Investment Banking Courses in India. You can also watch the video on our students discussing about what goes on in our classes.
Fundamentals of Forecasting – Basic Modeling Hygiene – III
By Reshma Krishnan
We are continuing to understand the Fundamentals of Forecasting. Please click here for Part 1 and Part 2.
Many aspiring candidates ask us what is so special about the FMVC program at Imarticus Learning. After all, shouldn’t an MBA suffice? The problem with MBA’s, regardless of which school you go to, is that they don’t teach you role specific issues. For instance, they don’t have specific modeling modules. They will have a forecasting module but they won’t teach you how to model or how to forecast step by step. In the Financial Modelling and Valuation Course (FMVC), India’s leading Forecasting and Financial Modeling program, we teach you the minutae and we go into specifics. One such specific is modeling and forecasting hygiene.
Hard Coding- the model users bane.
This is the first thing I teach in modeling class. Hard Coding is essentially a stand alone number in a cell, which has no back up. It says nothing about the number. You must never hard code a forecasted number because the forecast is always done on the back of an assumption, which has to be modeled in. Hard coded numbers are usually past data, actual data that has been verified and been the result of auditing. A forecasted number should always be a linked number from an assumption.
Colour Coding
Staying with hard coded numbers, it always helps to colour code. In fact, in my class, I mark an assignment zero if it is not colour coded. Red hardcoded number tells me that the forecaster had no option but to hard code. All actuals should be in a different colour to forecasts and all delta numbers, that is the variable you are using to arrive at a forecast needs to also be in a different number.
Give the delta its own cell
Let’s say you want to increase the sale of pencils in 2017 by 10% from 2016. You have two ways to do it.
=(2016 revenue cell) x 10% +(2016 revenue cell) = 2017 revenue.
Or
You create a special cell for 10%
= ((2016 revenue cell) x (10% cell) )+(2016 revenue cell) = 2017 revenue.
Here I am assuming that revenue is growing by 10% . This helps me change the delta as I see fit which then changes my model. The delta is the rational for my model. If you hide it within a formula, I have to constantly look at formulas to find my assumptions.
Learn more about Forecasting by joining our course, FMVC,Financial Modeling and Valuation Course, India’s leading program in Financial Modeling and Valuation and focused on improving your chances on having a career in Investment Banking or Equity Research.
Fundamentals of Forecasting – the Basic Premise of Forecasting – II
By Reshma Krishnan
We are continuing to understand the Fundamentals of Forecasting. Please click here
The fewer the assumptions, the stronger the forecast – at least in the beginning when you are learning how to model. Most investment Banking models end up running into 40 assumption sheets, each linked to another. While you might believe such minutiae makes a difference, it’s almost always just to make yourself feel better. Yes, your ability to understand every cost element is good, but its futile if your understanding of the industry works or its cost structure is weak. Key assumptions built into the forecast can also be lost, like trees in a forest. Links can be very hard to find. A simple forecast on the other hand helps you understand what drives basic line items while giving you the ability change basic assumptions. So for instance if you are forecasting the cost of a cup of tea, you break the cup of tea into its major elements, milk, tea, sugar. Three basic drivers, but if you decide to link the price of tea not to the retail rate but to an auction rate that is further linked to an auction house pricing, there are many chances your 
model will be faulty for no tangible benefit.
Forecasting is hard- if it wasn’t, financial modeling and forecasting would not be the number one skill required in financial services, especially Equity Research, or the most popular program in Financial Services Education. It requires patience and a deep thorough understanding of the industry. Forecasting is what Equity Research Analysts do all the time which is why Equity Research Analysts are industry specialists. You won’t find an analyst doing both steel and retail e-commerce. If you are not detail oriented, you are not going to be great at forecasting.
Your forecast is as good as your data, or your weakest link- using solid numbers always feels like an attractive proposition. Investment Bankers love to receive solid data from the clients. Equity Research analysts love to receive solid numbers from the industry or a company but what data do you trust. How often do you use that data? Can you remove the bias in the data. Data you receive from clients will almost always be optimistic, same with industry. Data you receive from Private Equity will almost always be pessimistic. There is bias in every data and your job is to remove bias.
Learn more about Forecasting by joining our course, FMVC, Financial Modeling and Valuation Course, India’s leading program in Financial Modeling and Valuation and focused on improving your chances on having a career in Investment Banking or Equity Research.
What Can You Do with Your FMVC Certificate?
The great thing about short programs in Financial Services at Imarticus Learning is that you learn skills that can be ‘applied’ rather than just theory, or even cases that are general in nature. We offer one of the leading professional courses in Financial Modeling in Mumbai, which allows you to pursue multiple career opportunities.
Learning Financial Modeling and Valuation is extremely important when you are pursuing a career in both Financial Services and Corporate Finance. The ability to forecast financial statements and build a robust model that is dynamic and clearly reflects underlying assumptions is imperative. The more robust your model, the more accurate your analysis and therefore your company or asset valuations.
Financial Modelling and Valuation is a skill useful across careers like
- Investment Banking– A good investment banker is at heart a good modeler and someone who is able to fundamentally value a company.
- Both valuation and forecasting is both a science and an art, therefore you not only need a strong grasp of the fundamentals but an intuitive understanding of their limitations to be able to model and value effectively.
- Investment Bankers create Financial Models to help make Pitch Documents, Information Memorandums and create scenarios that will help them fine tune valuations. They need to forecast cash flows to be able to do a DCF as well as future Profitability numbers which they can apply multiples to.
- Private Equity and Venture Capital– As investors, Private Equity professionals need to be able to create financial models of prospective companies they want to invest in to be able to both value as well us understand future cashflows which will determine valuation at exit. Private Equity professionals also have to learn how to create specialized investment specific financial models like Leveraged Buy Out models which will also incorporate the debt into future cashflows to arrive at optimum valuation once you build in exit multiples etc.
- CEO’s– Financial models are prepared by CEO’s and controllers for both budgeting and funding purposes. Models help finance teams understand cashflow requirements which help them manage their treasury better. Financial Models are also critical to valuing mergers through building in synergy. We call this merger models. Merger models will involve combining the future cashflows of two companies to understand synergy potential that arises out of various economies of scale. This synergy calculation will help in valuation and calculation of control premium
- Equity Research- Financial Modeling and Valuation is a critical element in the Equity Research toolkit. Equity Research analysts do fundamental analysis to help recommend a ‘buy’ ‘sell’ or hold on a stock. They do this by understanding the industry fundamentals, doing porter’s analysis, and applying these dynamics to a Financial Model which will help them value the company down to the price of a share at any point in time. Their expertise in an industry helps them fine-tune the model.
Financial Modelling and Valuation is also critical to project finance, corporate banking and essentially any role in Corporate Finance which makes FMVC the most career orientated financial modeling course in Mumbai and the most seful certification to help you enhance your resume and kick start your career.
Overview of Careers in Finance
The field of Finance is often said to be all about the science of money management. A career in Finance would entail coordinating between assets and liabilities. The finance industry is popularly known to provide lucrative careers and demand intellect of the highest order. As a rule, this prestigious industry attracts a lot of aspirants looking for a career with great opportunities.
Possession of just a graduate degree thins the chances of getting into this field. Thus, it becomes important to either be an MBA or have a higher degree to guarantee a smooth entry herein. There are many courses like certification programs in investment banking, courses in corporate finance and so on. There are a lot of programs offering training to clear various finance exams and acquire certain designations and licenses. Lately a lot of institutes have started offering programs to clear the CFA exams (Chartered Financial Analyst) as well as for the license required to enact certain kind of transactions. One can go for any such short term or long term course to enhance their resume and better their career prospects.
Investment Banking is the most sought after career in Finance. Today, Banks are no longer limited to being agents of withdrawal and depositing of money. There are many types of banks like the investment banks, which act as financial advisors to firms, hedge funds wherein the money of wealthy individuals and companies is managed, the difference here is that there are huge risks taken when it comes to buying and selling public stocks.
Then there are Private Equity firms, which instead of buying securities (stocks) by entire corporations and make convert them into private entities. These firms then either get the corporation entirely under their own banner, or improve their financial situation to earn profits. There are also real estate firms which have their dealings in buying or developing already existing real estate projects. There are firms which deal in ‘real money’ which go on to invest money in various firms to reap the benefits of the same.
There are a lot of roles that a career in Finance offers and a college degree is not always required for them. There are a lot of aspirants, who tend to start off a stint with banks and then after a considerable experience, move on to get a MBA degree. It is imperative to know that investment banking jobs usually have cut-throat competition and roles here include mergers and acquisitions, providing financial advices in terms of financial modeling, evaluation of the firm and so on.
Financial analyst and Financial Advisors also are jobs of substance, if one is very interested to work with data and draw relevant insights; the former career is always preferred. The job profile of a Financial Advisor, with the flexibility of the work and the proximity to the clients as well as the fact that the competition is less, is chosen by quite a few. There are many other career profiles like working for hedge fund firms, private equity firms, portfolio managing jobs, trading, analyst jobs etc. There are also Investment Banking Media jobs, where someone with great communication skills and a sparkling knowledge of the market can work with media houses.
The field of Finance offers high quality careers which demand individuals with great intellect and motivation, in addition to the challenging environment and great compensation. The fact that there is such high competition to get into this field, goes to prove that one needs to have refined skill set for the same.
Imarticus Learning is a renowned education institute offering a host of short term and long term courses in investment banking, corporate finance and more.