What is the OOPs concept?
OOPs, concepts in programming are the core principles of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP). It revolves around organizing code based on objects, representing instances of classes.
Let's take the example of a "Car" class as a blueprint for creating car objects. It has attributes such as "color," "model," and "price," along with behaviours like "start" and "stop."
By creating instances of the Car class, like "myCar," you can assign specific values and start the associated behaviours. For example, you can set "myCar.color" to "red" and initiate the car by calling the "myCar.start()" method.
OOPs concepts in programming
The following are the fundamental OOPs concepts in programming:
1. Classes and Objects
Classes define the blueprint for creating objects, while objects are instances of classes. Classes have attributes (data) and behaviours (methods). For example, a "Person" class can have attributes like name, age, and behaviours like walking.
2. Encapsulation
It is bundling data and methods within a class and controlling access to them. This ensures data integrity and code reusability. For instance, in a "BankAccount" class, the account balance may be private. So, the account is accessible only within the class.
3. Inheritance
Inheritance allows the creation of new classes based on existing classes. This practice promotes code reuse and hierarchy. Moreover, the child class inherits attributes and methods from a parent class. For example, a "SavingsAccount" class can inherit from the "BankAccount" class.
4. Polymorphism
This enables objects to be treated as instances of their own class or their superclass. It allows the same interface for objects of different classes, enabling flexibility and extensibility. For example, a "Shape" class may have a "calculateArea" method. So, both a "Rectangle" and "Circle" class can use this method for their respective formulas.
5. Abstraction
Abstraction focuses on creating simplified models of complex systems. It hides the implementation details and discloses only essential information. This helps in modularity and managing complexity. For example, a "Car" class can have a "startEngine" method. This method might abstract the underlying complex processes required to start the engine.
Applying OOPs concepts in programming
Here is the step-by-step process to apply OOPs concepts in programming:
1. Identify the Problem Domain
Understand the problem you need to solve. Identify its entities, attributes, and behaviours and note down those problems. For example, consider a library needs help with managing books, borrowers, and librarians.
2. Define Classes and Their Relationships
Based on the identified entities, create classes that encapsulate the data and behaviours for each entity. Also, define the relationships between the classes. So, Create classes like "Book," "Borrower," and "Librarian" to represent the entities. Here, the " Book " relationship is associated with the "Borrower."
3. Establish Class Responsibilities
Assign specific responsibilities to each class, adhering to the Single Responsibility Principle. Each class should focus on a single aspect of the system. For instance, a "Book" class may handle book details and availability.
4. Use Class Methods and Attributes
Define appropriate methods and attributes for each class to represent their behaviours and data. For example, the "Book" class may have methods like "check availability." It can also have attributes like "title" and "author."
5. Encapsulate Data and Implement Accessors
Encapsulate class data by making attributes private and providing public accessors. For example, public accessors like "getTitle" and "setAuthor" interact with the data.
6. Apply Inheritance and Polymorphism
Identify opportunities for inheritance to promote code reuse and hierarchy. For example, subclasses like "Textbook" and "Novel" can inherit properties from the "Book" class. Moreover, you can use polymorphism to treat objects as instances of their own or their superclass.
7. Implement Error Handling
Incorporate error-handling mechanisms, such as exceptions, to handle unexpected situations. Do provide informative error messages for debugging and user guidance. This helps to handle scenarios such as an invalid book request.
8. Test and Debug
Write unit tests for each class and method to validate their functionality. After that, perform thorough testing to identify and fix any bugs or issues arising during development.
9. Refactor and Optimize
It is essential to review and refactor the code continuously. It helps to improve its readability, maintainability, and performance. Moreover, it eliminates code duplication and optimizes algorithms or data structures where needed.
10. Document the Code
Now, document your code to explain the purpose, usage, and behaviour of each class and method. This assists in code maintenance, collaboration, and future reference.
Master OOPs concepts in Programming
The OOPs concepts in programming help to improve code quality and enables efficient development practices. So, whether you are a graduate or a working professional, you can learn about OOPs concepts in programming.
With an industry-centric curriculum and a job guarantee, this live training program offers everything. From the fundamentals to case studies, this program on Imarticus Learning, a leading platform for learning, is a game changer! So, enrol in Data Science Course today and master OOPs concepts in programming with real-world projects.
