Excel Formulas & Functions: The Complete Interactive Reference Guide

Looks up a value in the first column of a range and returns a value in the same row.

• =VLOOKUP("Banana",{"Apple",1;"Banana",2;"Cherry",3},2,FALSE)Returns 2, the value next to "Banana"
• =VLOOKUP(102,{101,"Alice";102,"Bob";103,"Cara"},2,FALSE)Returns "Bob", matching ID 102

Looks up a value in the first row of a range and returns a value in the same column.

• =HLOOKUP("Feb",{"Jan","Feb","Mar";100,200,300},2,FALSE)Returns 200, the value below "Feb"
• =HLOOKUP("Mar",{"Jan","Feb","Mar";1,2,3},2,FALSE)Returns 3

Modern lookup that searches any column/row and returns from any other, in either direction.

• =XLOOKUP("Banana",{"Apple";"Banana";"Cherry"},{1;2;3})Returns 2, matching "Banana"
• =XLOOKUP("Grape",{"Apple";"Banana"},{1;2},"Not found")Returns "Not found", since "Grape" isn't in the list

Simple lookup across a single sorted row or column.

• =LOOKUP(2,{1,2,3},{"a","b","c"})Returns "b", matching the value 2
• =LOOKUP("Banana",{"Apple","Banana","Cherry"},{1,2,3})Returns 2

Returns the value at a given row/column position within a range.

• =INDEX({10,20,30},2)Returns 20, the 2nd item in the list
• =INDEX({"a","b";"c","d"},2,1)Returns "c", row 2 column 1

Returns the relative position of an item in a range.

• =MATCH(30,{10,20,30,40},0)Returns 3, the position of 30 in the list
• =MATCH("Cherry",{"Apple","Banana","Cherry"},0)Returns 3

Modern MATCH with flexible match and search modes.

• =XMATCH(30,{10,20,30,40})Returns 3, the position of 30
• =XMATCH("Cherry",{"Apple","Banana","Cherry"})Returns 3

Returns a value from a list, chosen by position number.

• =CHOOSE(2,"Red","Green","Blue")Returns "Green", the 2nd option
• =CHOOSE(1,100,200,300)Returns 100

Returns specified columns from an array.

• =CHOOSECOLS({1,2,3;4,5,6},1)Returns the first column: 1 and 4
• =CHOOSECOLS({1,2,3;4,5,6},3,1)Returns columns 3 and 1, reordered

Returns specified rows from an array.

• =CHOOSEROWS({1,2;3,4;5,6},1)Returns the first row: 1, 2
• =CHOOSEROWS({1,2;3,4;5,6},2,1)Returns row 2 then row 1, reordered

Returns a reference offset from a starting cell by a number of rows/columns.

• =OFFSET(A1,1,1)Returns the value one row down and one column right of A1
• =OFFSET(A1,2,0)Returns the value 2 rows below A1, same column

Returns the reference described by a text string.

• =INDIRECT("A1")Returns whatever value is in cell A1
• =INDIRECT("B"&2)Builds the reference "B2" from text and returns its value

Returns the row number of a reference.

• =ROW(A5)Returns 5, the row number of A5
• =ROW()Returns the row number of the cell the formula is in

Returns the number of rows in a reference or array.

• =ROWS(A1:A10)Returns 10, the number of rows in the range
• =ROWS(A1:C4)Returns 4

Returns the column number of a reference.

• =COLUMN(C1)Returns 3, since C is the 3rd column
• =COLUMN()Returns the column number of the cell the formula is in

Returns the number of columns in a reference or array.

• =COLUMNS(A1:D1)Returns 4, the number of columns in the range
• =COLUMNS(A1:C5)Returns 3

Switches rows to columns and columns to rows.

• =TRANSPOSE({1,2,3})Turns the horizontal list 1,2,3 into a vertical column
• =TRANSPOSE({1,2;3,4})Flips rows and columns: {1,3;2,4}

Creates a clickable link to a location.

• =HYPERLINK("https://example.com","Click here")Shows clickable text "Click here" linking to example.com
• =HYPERLINK("#Sheet2!A1","Go to Sheet2")Creates a clickable link that jumps to Sheet2

Returns the number of separate areas in a reference.

• =AREAS(A1:B2)Returns 1, since it's a single connected range
• =AREAS((A1:B2,C3:D4))Returns 2, since there are two separate ranges

Returns the formula in a cell as text.

• =FORMULATEXT(A1)Shows the formula in A1 as plain text, e.g. "=SUM(B1:B5)"
• =FORMULATEXT(C10)Displays whatever formula is written in cell C10

Extracts a specific value from a PivotTable.

• =GETPIVOTDATA("Sales",A3)Returns the "Sales" total from the PivotTable anchored at A3
• =GETPIVOTDATA("Sales",A3,"Region","West")Returns the Sales value for the "West" region

Retrieves real-time data from a program that supports COM automation.

• =RTD("prog.id",,"topic1")Pulls a live value from a real-time data server
• =RTD("MyServer.RTDFunction",,"AAPL","Bid")Requests a live "Bid" value for ticker AAPL

Builds a cell reference as text from row and column numbers.

• =ADDRESS(1,1)Returns "$A$1" as text
• =ADDRESS(5,3,4)Returns "C5" (relative reference to row 5, column 3)

Returns one value if a condition is true and another if false.

• =IF(10>5,"Yes","No")Returns "Yes" because 10 is greater than 5
• =IF(3=4,"Equal","Not equal")Returns "Not equal" because 3 does not equal 4

Checks multiple conditions in order and returns the value for the first true one.

• =IFS(75>=90,"A",75>=70,"B",TRUE,"C")Returns "B" — 75 isn't 90+, but it is 70+
• =IFS(5>10,"Big",5<=10,"Small")Returns "Small" since 5 is not greater than 10

Compares an expression against a list of values and returns the matching result.

• =SWITCH(2,1,"Mon",2,"Tue",3,"Wed")Returns "Tue" — the value 2 matches the second case
• =SWITCH("B","A","Apple","B","Banana","Other")Returns "Banana" because the input matches "B"

Returns TRUE only if every argument is true.

• =AND(5>1,10>5)Returns TRUE because both conditions are true
• =AND(5>1,10<5)Returns FALSE because the second condition fails

Returns TRUE if any argument is true.

• =OR(5>10,10>5)Returns TRUE because at least one condition is true
• =OR(1=2,3=4)Returns FALSE because neither condition is true

Reverses TRUE to FALSE and vice versa.

• =NOT(5>10)Returns TRUE, flipping the false condition (5 is not > 10)
• =NOT(TRUE)Returns FALSE, the opposite of TRUE

Returns TRUE when an odd number of arguments are true.

• =XOR(TRUE,FALSE)Returns TRUE because exactly one input is true
• =XOR(TRUE,TRUE)Returns FALSE because both inputs are true (not exactly one)

Returns the logical value TRUE.

• =TRUE()Returns the logical value TRUE
• =IF(TRUE(),"Yes","No")Returns "Yes", since TRUE() always evaluates to TRUE

Returns the logical value FALSE.

• =FALSE()Returns the logical value FALSE
• =IF(FALSE(),"Yes","No")Returns "No", since FALSE() always evaluates to FALSE

Returns a fallback value when a formula evaluates to an error.

• =IFERROR(10/0,"Error")Returns "Error" because dividing by zero fails
• =IFERROR(10/2,"Error")Returns 5 — the calculation works, so no fallback is needed

Returns a fallback value specifically when a formula returns #N/A.

• =IFNA(NA(),"Not found")Returns "Not found" because the input is the #N/A error
• =IFNA(5,"Not found")Returns 5 — there's no #N/A error, so the fallback isn't used

Assigns names to intermediate values inside a formula to simplify and speed up calculation.

• =LET(x,5,x*2)Names the value 5 as x, then returns 10 (x*2)
• =LET(a,3,b,4,a+b)Names 3 as a and 4 as b, then returns 7 (a+b)

Joins several text strings into one (legacy; CONCAT/TEXTJOIN are preferred).

• =CONCATENATE("Hello"," ","World")Returns "Hello World"
• =CONCATENATE("Room ",12)Returns "Room 12"

Joins text from ranges or strings; supports ranges unlike CONCATENATE.

• =CONCAT("Hello"," ","World")Returns "Hello World"
• =CONCAT("A","B","C")Returns "ABC"

Joins text with a delimiter and can skip empty cells.

• =TEXTJOIN(", ",TRUE,"Apple","Banana","Cherry")Returns "Apple, Banana, Cherry"
• =TEXTJOIN("-",TRUE,"2026","08","24")Returns "2026-08-24"

Returns the leftmost characters from a text string.

• =LEFT("Excel",3)Returns "Exc", the first 3 characters
• =LEFT("Hello World",5)Returns "Hello"

Returns the rightmost characters from a text string.

• =RIGHT("Excel",3)Returns "cel", the last 3 characters
• =RIGHT("Hello World",5)Returns "World"

Returns characters from the middle of a text string.

• =MID("Excel Formulas",7,3)Returns "For" — 3 characters starting at position 7
• =MID("Hello",2,3)Returns "ell"

Returns the number of characters in a text string.

• =LEN("Excel")Returns 5, the number of characters
• =LEN("Hello World")Returns 11, including the space

Finds one text string within another; case-sensitive.

• =FIND("o","Hello World")Returns 5 — position of the first "o" (case-sensitive)
• =FIND("World","Hello World")Returns 7, where "World" starts

Byte-based version of FIND for double-byte character languages.

• =FINDB("o","Hello World")Returns 5 — byte position of the first "o"
• =FINDB("World","Hello World")Returns 7, the byte position where "World" starts

Finds one text string within another; not case-sensitive, allows wildcards.

• =SEARCH("world","Hello World")Returns 7 — SEARCH ignores case, unlike FIND
• =SEARCH("e","Excel")Returns 1, the position of the first "e" or "E"

Byte-based version of SEARCH for double-byte character languages.

• =SEARCHB("world","Hello World")Returns 7, the byte position (case-insensitive)
• =SEARCHB("e","Excel")Returns 1

Replaces part of a text string with different text, by position.

• =REPLACE("Hello World",1,5,"Goodbye")Returns "Goodbye World" — replaces the first 5 characters
• =REPLACE("12345",1,2,"99")Returns "99345"

Byte-based version of REPLACE for double-byte character languages.

• =REPLACEB("Hello World",1,5,"Goodbye")Returns "Goodbye World" using byte positions
• =REPLACEB("12345",1,2,"99")Returns "99345"

Replaces occurrences of a specific text string, by content rather than position.

• =SUBSTITUTE("Hello World","World","Excel")Returns "Hello Excel"
• =SUBSTITUTE("one-two-three","-"," ")Returns "one two three"

Removes extra spaces from text, leaving single spaces between words.

• =TRIM(" Hello World ")Returns "Hello World", with extra spaces removed
• =TRIM(" Excel ")Returns "Excel"

Removes non-printable characters from text.

• =CLEAN("Hello"&CHAR(10)&"World")Removes the line-break character, returning "HelloWorld"
• =LEN(CLEAN("Test"&CHAR(7)))Returns 4, since the non-printable character is stripped

Converts text to all uppercase.

• =UPPER("hello")Returns "HELLO"
• =UPPER("Excel Formulas")Returns "EXCEL FORMULAS"

Converts text to all lowercase.

• =LOWER("HELLO")Returns "hello"
• =LOWER("Excel Formulas")Returns "excel formulas"

Capitalizes the first letter of each word.

• =PROPER("hello world")Returns "Hello World"
• =PROPER("jane q. smith")Returns "Jane Q. Smith"

Repeats text a given number of times.

• =REPT("ab",3)Returns "ababab"
• =REPT("-",5)Returns "-----"

Converts a number to text in a specified number format.

• =TEXT(1234.5,"#,##0.00")Returns "1,234.50" as text
• =TEXT(DATE(2026,8,24),"mm/dd/yyyy")Returns "08/24/2026"

Converts a text string that looks like a number into a number.

• =VALUE("123")Returns the number 123
• =VALUE("$1,000")Returns the number 1000

Converts text to a number in a locale-independent way.

• =NUMBERVALUE("1.234,56",",",".")Returns 1234.56, reading comma as the decimal mark
• =NUMBERVALUE("25%")Returns 0.25

Rounds a number and returns it as text with a fixed number of decimals.

• =FIXED(1234.567,2)Returns "1,234.57" as text, rounded to 2 decimals
• =FIXED(1000,0,TRUE)Returns "1000" with no comma separators

Converts a number to text using currency format.

• =DOLLAR(1234.5,2)Returns "$1,234.50" as text
• =DOLLAR(5,0)Returns "$5"

Returns the character specified by a numeric code.

• =CHAR(65)Returns "A", the character for code 65
• =CHAR(97)Returns "a"

Returns the numeric code for the first character of a text string.

• =CODE("A")Returns 65, the character code for "A"
• =CODE("a")Returns 97

Returns the Unicode character for a given number.

• =UNICHAR(65)Returns "A"
• =UNICHAR(9731)Returns "☃", the snowman symbol

Returns the Unicode number for the first character of text.

• =UNICODE("A")Returns 65
• =UNICODE("€")Returns 8364, the Euro sign's code point

Checks whether two text strings are identical, case-sensitive.

• =EXACT("Excel","excel")Returns FALSE — EXACT is case-sensitive
• =EXACT("Excel","Excel")Returns TRUE, an identical match

Returns the text referred to by a value, or an empty string if not text.

• =T("Hello")Returns "Hello", since the input is already text
• =T(123)Returns "" (empty text), since 123 is a number, not text

Changes full-width characters to half-width for double-byte languages.

• =ASC("Ｅｘｃｅｌ")Converts full-width characters to standard "Excel"
• =ASC("１２３")Returns "123" in standard half-width digits

Converts a number to Thai text with a Baht currency suffix.

• =BAHTTEXT(123)Spells out 123 as Thai baht text
• =BAHTTEXT(50.25)Spells out 50.25 as Thai baht and satang text

Extracts phonetic (furigana) text from a Japanese text string.

• =PHONETIC(A1)Returns the furigana (phonetic guide) stored with the text in A1
• =PHONETIC(B2)Returns the phonetic reading attached to the Japanese text in B2

Splits text into rows or columns using delimiters (dynamic array).

• =TEXTSPLIT("a,b,c",",")Splits into three cells: "a", "b", "c"
• =TEXTSPLIT("2026-08-24","-")Splits into "2026", "08", "24"

Returns the text that occurs before a given delimiter.

• =TEXTBEFORE("name@example.com","@")Returns "name", everything before the @
• =TEXTBEFORE("2026-08-24","-")Returns "2026"

Returns the text that occurs after a given delimiter.

• =TEXTAFTER("name@example.com","@")Returns "example.com", everything after the @
• =TEXTAFTER("2026-08-24","-")Returns "08-24"

Converts an array of values into a single text string.

• =ARRAYTOTEXT({1,2,3})Returns "1, 2, 3" as a single text string
• =ARRAYTOTEXT({"a","b"})Returns "a, b"

Returns text from any single value, preserving format where possible.

• =VALUETOTEXT(123)Returns "123" as text
• =VALUETOTEXT(TRUE)Returns "TRUE" as text

Returns the current date, updated whenever the sheet recalculates.

• =TODAY()Returns today's date, e.g. 8/24/2026
• =TODAY()+7Returns the date exactly one week from today

Returns the current date and time.

• =NOW()Returns the current date and time
• =TEXT(NOW(),"hh:mm")Returns just the current time, like "14:30"

Builds a date from separate year, month, and day values.

• =DATE(2026,8,24)Returns the date August 24, 2026
• =DATE(2025,12,31)Returns December 31, 2025

Converts a date stored as text into a serial date value.

• =DATEVALUE("8/24/2026")Converts the text "8/24/2026" into a real date
• =DATEVALUE("January 1, 2026")Returns the serial date for Jan 1, 2026

Builds a time from separate hour, minute, and second values.

• =TIME(14,30,0)Returns 2:30 PM as a time value
• =TIME(9,0,0)Returns 9:00 AM

Converts a time stored as text into a serial time value.

• =TIMEVALUE("2:30 PM")Converts the text "2:30 PM" into a real time value
• =TIMEVALUE("09:00")Returns the time value for 9:00 AM

Extracts the year from a date.

• =YEAR(DATE(2026,8,24))Returns 2026
• =YEAR("3/15/2025")Returns 2025

Extracts the month (1-12) from a date.

• =MONTH(DATE(2026,8,24))Returns 8, for August
• =MONTH("3/15/2025")Returns 3, for March

Extracts the day of the month from a date.

• =DAY(DATE(2026,8,24))Returns 24
• =DAY("3/15/2025")Returns 15

Extracts the hour from a time value.

• =HOUR(TIME(14,30,0))Returns 14 (2 PM in 24-hour format)
• =HOUR("9:15 AM")Returns 9

Extracts the minute from a time value.

• =MINUTE(TIME(14,30,0))Returns 30
• =MINUTE("9:15 AM")Returns 15

Extracts the second from a time value.

• =SECOND(TIME(14,30,45))Returns 45
• =SECOND("9:15:30 AM")Returns 30

Returns the day of the week as a number.

• =WEEKDAY(DATE(2026,8,24))Returns 2 (Monday, since Sunday=1 by default)
• =WEEKDAY(DATE(2026,8,24),2)Returns 1 (Monday, when Monday is counted as day 1)

Returns the week number of the year for a date.

• =WEEKNUM(DATE(2026,8,24))Returns the week number of the year for Aug 24, 2026
• =WEEKNUM(DATE(2026,1,1))Returns 1, the first week of the year

Returns the ISO week number of the year for a date.

• =ISOWEEKNUM(DATE(2026,8,24))Returns the ISO week number for Aug 24, 2026
• =ISOWEEKNUM(DATE(2026,1,1))Returns the ISO week number for Jan 1, 2026

Calculates the difference between two dates in years, months, or days.

• =DATEDIF("1/1/2020","1/1/2026","Y")Returns 6, the number of full years between the dates
• =DATEDIF("1/1/2026","3/15/2026","D")Returns 73, the number of days between the dates

Returns the number of days between two dates.

• =DAYS("12/31/2026","1/1/2026")Returns 364, the days between the two dates
• =DAYS("1/10/2026","1/1/2026")Returns 9

Returns days between two dates based on a 360-day year.

• =DAYS360("1/1/2026","3/1/2026")Returns 60, using the 30-day-month convention
• =DAYS360("1/1/2026","12/31/2026")Returns 360, roughly a full 360-day year

Counts whole working days between two dates, excluding weekends.

• =NETWORKDAYS("8/24/2026","8/28/2026")Returns 5, counting only weekdays
• =NETWORKDAYS("1/1/2026","1/31/2026")Returns the number of weekdays in January 2026

NETWORKDAYS with a customizable weekend schedule.

• =NETWORKDAYS.INTL("8/24/2026","8/28/2026",1)Returns 5 weekdays, Sat/Sun as the weekend
• =NETWORKDAYS.INTL("8/24/2026","8/28/2026",7)Returns working days with only Sunday as the weekend

Returns the date a given number of working days from a start date.

• =WORKDAY("8/24/2026",5)Returns the date 5 working days after Aug 24, 2026
• =WORKDAY("8/24/2026",-3)Returns the date 3 working days before Aug 24, 2026

WORKDAY with a customizable weekend schedule.

• =WORKDAY.INTL("8/24/2026",5,1)Returns the date 5 working days later, Sat/Sun as weekend
• =WORKDAY.INTL("8/24/2026",5,7)Returns 5 working days later, treating only Sunday as the weekend

Returns the date a given number of months before or after a start date.

• =EDATE("8/24/2026",1)Returns Sept 24, 2026 — one month later
• =EDATE("8/24/2026",-3)Returns May 24, 2026 — three months earlier

Returns the last day of the month, a given number of months away.

• =EOMONTH("8/24/2026",0)Returns 8/31/2026, the last day of the current month
• =EOMONTH("8/24/2026",1)Returns 9/30/2026, the last day of next month

Returns the fraction of a year between two dates.

• =YEARFRAC("1/1/2026","7/1/2026")Returns about 0.5, roughly half a year
• =YEARFRAC("1/1/2026","1/1/2027")Returns 1, exactly one year apart

Returns the arithmetic mean of its arguments.

• =AVERAGE(2,4,6)Returns 4
• =AVERAGE({10,20,30,40})Returns 25

Averages values, treating text and FALSE as 0 and TRUE as 1.

• =AVERAGEA(1,2,TRUE)Returns 1.33 — TRUE counts as 1
• =AVERAGEA(2,4,"text")Returns 2, since text counts as 0

Averages cells that meet a single condition.

• =AVERAGEIF({"A","B","A"},"A",{10,20,30})Returns 20, the average where the label is "A"
• =AVERAGEIF({5,15,25},">10")Returns 20, average of values over 10

Averages cells that meet multiple conditions.

• =AVERAGEIFS({10,20,30},{1,2,1},1)Returns 20, average where the condition matches
• =AVERAGEIFS({100,200,300},{5,15,25},">10")Returns 250

Counts the cells that contain numbers.

• =COUNT(1,2,"text",3)Returns 3, counting only the numbers
• =COUNT({10,20,30})Returns 3

Counts the cells that are not empty.

• =COUNTA(1,"Apple",TRUE)Returns 3, counting numbers, text, and logicals alike
• =COUNTA("a","b",5)Returns 3, since COUNTA counts any non-blank entry

Counts the empty cells in a range.

• =COUNTBLANK({1,"",3,""})Returns 2, the number of blanks
• =COUNTBLANK({"",""})Returns 2

Counts cells that meet a single condition.

• =COUNTIF({1,2,2,3,2},2)Returns 3, how many times 2 appears
• =COUNTIF({5,15,25},">10")Returns 2

Counts cells that meet multiple conditions.

• =COUNTIFS({1,2,1},1,{"A","B","A"},"A")Returns 2, matching both conditions
• =COUNTIFS({5,15,25},">10",{1,1,2},1)Returns 1

Returns the largest value in a set of numbers.

• =MAX(3,7,2)Returns 7
• =MAX({10,50,20})Returns 50

Returns the largest value, including text and logical values.

• =MAXA(3,7,TRUE)Returns 7 — TRUE is treated as 1, still less than 7
• =MAXA(1,"text",5)Returns 5

Returns the largest value among cells that meet multiple conditions.

• =MAXIFS({10,20,30},{1,2,1},1)Returns 30, the max where the condition matches
• =MAXIFS({100,200,300},{5,15,25},">10")Returns 300

Returns the smallest value in a set of numbers.

• =MIN(3,7,2)Returns 2
• =MIN({10,50,20})Returns 10

Returns the smallest value, including text and logical values.

• =MINA(3,7,FALSE)Returns 0 — FALSE is treated as 0
• =MINA(4,"text",6)Returns 0

Returns the smallest value among cells that meet multiple conditions.

• =MINIFS({10,20,30},{1,2,1},1)Returns 10, the min where the condition matches
• =MINIFS({100,200,300},{5,15,25},">10")Returns 200

Returns the middle value of a set of numbers.

• =MEDIAN(1,3,5)Returns 3, the middle value
• =MEDIAN({1,2,3,4})Returns 2.5, the average of the two middle values

Returns the most frequently occurring value in a data set.

• =MODE.SNGL({1,2,2,3})Returns 2, the most frequent value
• =MODE.SNGL({5,5,7,9})Returns 5

Returns an array of the most frequently occurring values.

• =MODE.MULT({1,1,2,2,3})Returns 1 and 2, both tied as most frequent
• =MODE.MULT({4,4,5,5})Returns 4 and 5

Estimates standard deviation based on a sample.

• =STDEV.S({2,4,4,4,5,5,7,9})Returns about 2.14, the sample standard deviation
• =STDEV.S({10,20,30})Returns 10

Calculates standard deviation based on an entire population.

• =STDEV.P({2,4,4,4,5,5,7,9})Returns 2, the population standard deviation
• =STDEV.P({10,20,30})Returns about 8.16

Sample standard deviation including text and logical values.

• =STDEVA({1,2,TRUE})Treats TRUE as 1, then computes the standard deviation
• =STDEVA({10,20,30})Returns 10

Population standard deviation including text and logical values.

• =STDEVPA({1,2,TRUE})Treats TRUE as 1, then computes the population standard deviation
• =STDEVPA({10,20,30})Returns about 8.16

Estimates variance based on a sample.

• =VAR.S({2,4,4,4,5,5,7,9})Returns about 4.57, the sample variance
• =VAR.S({10,20,30})Returns 100

Calculates variance based on an entire population.

• =VAR.P({2,4,4,4,5,5,7,9})Returns 4, the population variance
• =VAR.P({10,20,30})Returns about 66.67

Sample variance including text and logical values.

• =VARA({1,2,TRUE})Treats TRUE as 1, then computes variance
• =VARA({10,20,30})Returns 100

Population variance including text and logical values.

• =VARPA({1,2,TRUE})Treats TRUE as 1, then computes population variance
• =VARPA({10,20,30})Returns about 66.67

Returns the rank of a number within a list.

• =RANK.EQ(80,{95,80,70,60})Returns 2, since 80 is the 2nd highest
• =RANK.EQ(60,{95,80,70,60},1)Returns 1, the lowest when ranking ascending

Returns the rank of a number, averaging ties.

• =RANK.AVG(80,{95,80,80,60})Returns 2.5, averaging tied ranks for 80
• =RANK.AVG(95,{95,80,70,60})Returns 1

Returns the k-th percentile, inclusive of 0 and 1.

• =PERCENTILE.INC({1,2,3,4,5},0.5)Returns 3, the median (50th percentile)
• =PERCENTILE.INC({1,2,3,4},0.25)Returns 1.75

Returns the k-th percentile, exclusive of 0 and 1.

• =PERCENTILE.EXC({1,2,3,4,5},0.5)Returns 3, using the exclusive method
• =PERCENTILE.EXC({1,2,3,4},0.25)Returns 1.25

Returns the rank of a value as a percentage, inclusive range.

• =PERCENTRANK.INC({1,2,3,4,5},3)Returns 0.5, since 3 sits at the midpoint
• =PERCENTRANK.INC({1,2,3,4,5},5)Returns 1

Returns the rank of a value as a percentage, exclusive range.

• =PERCENTRANK.EXC({1,2,3,4,5},3)Returns 0.5
• =PERCENTRANK.EXC({1,2,3,4,5},1)Returns about 0.167

Returns the quartile of a data set, inclusive method.

• =QUARTILE.INC({1,2,3,4,5},1)Returns 2, the first quartile
• =QUARTILE.INC({1,2,3,4,5},2)Returns 3, the median

Returns the quartile of a data set, exclusive method.

• =QUARTILE.EXC({1,2,3,4,5},1)Returns 1.5, the first quartile (exclusive method)
• =QUARTILE.EXC({1,2,3,4,5},2)Returns 3

Returns the k-th largest value in a data set.

• =LARGE({3,7,1,9,4},2)Returns 7, the 2nd largest value
• =LARGE({3,7,1,9,4},1)Returns 9, the largest

Returns the k-th smallest value in a data set.

• =SMALL({3,7,1,9,4},2)Returns 3, the 2nd smallest value
• =SMALL({3,7,1,9,4},1)Returns 1, the smallest

Returns the mean of a data set after excluding a percentage of outliers.

• =TRIMMEAN({1,2,3,4,100},0.2)Trims the extremes, then averages the middle values
• =TRIMMEAN({1,2,3,4,5},0.2)Returns 3, close to the plain average here

Returns the geometric mean of a data set.

• =GEOMEAN(4,9)Returns 6, the geometric mean of 4 and 9
• =GEOMEAN(1,2,4)Returns 2

Returns the harmonic mean of a data set.

• =HARMEAN(2,4)Returns about 2.67, the harmonic mean
• =HARMEAN(1,4,4)Returns 2

Returns the skewness of a distribution, sample-based.

• =SKEW({1,2,3,4,100})Returns a large positive number — the data skews right
• =SKEW({1,2,3,4,5})Returns 0, perfectly symmetric data

Returns the skewness of a distribution based on a population.

• =SKEW.P({1,2,3,4,100})Returns the population skewness, positive for right-skewed data
• =SKEW.P({1,2,3,4,5})Returns 0, symmetric data

Returns the kurtosis of a data set.

• =KURT({1,2,3,4,100})Returns a large number, showing heavy tails/outliers
• =KURT({1,2,2,3,4})Returns a small number close to 0

Returns the sum of squared deviations from the mean.

• =DEVSQ({2,4,6})Returns 8, the sum of squared deviations from the mean
• =DEVSQ({1,1,1})Returns 0

Returns the confidence interval for a population mean, normal distribution.

• =CONFIDENCE.NORM(0.05,2,50)Returns the margin of error for a 95% confidence interval
• =CONFIDENCE.NORM(0.01,1,100)Returns the margin of error for a 99% confidence interval

Returns the confidence interval for a population mean, Student's t-distribution.

• =CONFIDENCE.T(0.05,2,10)Returns the margin of error using the t-distribution
• =CONFIDENCE.T(0.05,1,30)Returns a tighter margin with a larger sample

Returns the normal distribution for a specified mean and standard deviation.

• =NORM.DIST(70,60,10,TRUE)Returns the probability of a value ≤70 in a mean-60, sd-10 distribution
• =NORM.DIST(60,60,10,FALSE)Returns the height of the bell curve at the mean

Returns the inverse of the normal cumulative distribution.

• =NORM.INV(0.5,60,10)Returns 60, the value at the 50th percentile (the mean)
• =NORM.INV(0.975,0,1)Returns about 1.96, the standard 95% cutoff

Returns the standard normal distribution.

• =NORM.S.DIST(0,TRUE)Returns 0.5, since 0 is the mean of the standard normal curve
• =NORM.S.DIST(1.96,TRUE)Returns about 0.975

Returns the inverse of the standard normal cumulative distribution.

• =NORM.S.INV(0.5)Returns 0, the mean of the standard normal curve
• =NORM.S.INV(0.975)Returns about 1.96

Returns a normalized (z-score) value.

• =STANDARDIZE(70,60,10)Returns 1, since 70 is one standard deviation above 60
• =STANDARDIZE(60,60,10)Returns 0

Returns the lognormal distribution of x.

• =LOGNORM.DIST(4,0,1,TRUE)Returns the cumulative probability for a log-normal distribution
• =LOGNORM.DIST(1,0,1,TRUE)Returns 0.5

Returns the inverse of the lognormal cumulative distribution.

• =LOGNORM.INV(0.5,0,1)Returns 1, the median of this log-normal distribution
• =LOGNORM.INV(0.1,0,1)Returns a value below the median

Returns the exponential distribution.

• =EXPON.DIST(1,1,TRUE)Returns about 0.632, the cumulative probability
• =EXPON.DIST(0,1,TRUE)Returns 0

Returns the gamma distribution.

• =GAMMA.DIST(2,1,1,TRUE)Returns the cumulative gamma probability at x=2
• =GAMMA.DIST(1,1,1,TRUE)Returns about 0.632

Returns the inverse of the gamma cumulative distribution.

• =GAMMA.INV(0.5,1,1)Returns the median of this gamma distribution
• =GAMMA.INV(0.9,1,1)Returns a higher value, closer to the tail

Returns the gamma function value.

• =GAMMA(5)Returns 24, equal to FACT(4)
• =GAMMA(1)Returns 1

Returns the natural logarithm of the gamma function.

• =GAMMALN(5)Returns the natural log of GAMMA(5), about 3.178
• =GAMMALN(1)Returns 0

Returns a more precise natural logarithm of the gamma function.

• =GAMMALN.PRECISE(5)Returns the natural log of GAMMA(5), about 3.178
• =GAMMALN.PRECISE(1)Returns 0

Returns the beta probability distribution.

• =BETA.DIST(0.5,2,2,TRUE)Returns 0.5, the cumulative probability at the midpoint
• =BETA.DIST(0.2,2,2,TRUE)Returns a value below 0.5

Returns the inverse of the beta cumulative distribution.

• =BETA.INV(0.5,2,2)Returns 0.5, the median of this symmetric beta distribution
• =BETA.INV(0.9,2,2)Returns a value closer to 1

Returns the left-tailed chi-squared distribution.

• =CHISQ.DIST(2,3,TRUE)Returns the cumulative chi-square probability
• =CHISQ.DIST(0,3,TRUE)Returns 0

Returns the right-tailed chi-squared distribution.

• =CHISQ.DIST.RT(2,3)Returns the right-tail chi-square probability
• =CHISQ.DIST.RT(0,3)Returns 1

Returns the inverse of the left-tailed chi-squared distribution.

• =CHISQ.INV(0.5,3)Returns the median of a chi-square distribution with 3 df
• =CHISQ.INV(0.95,1)Returns about 3.84, a common significance cutoff

Returns the inverse of the right-tailed chi-squared distribution.

• =CHISQ.INV.RT(0.05,1)Returns about 3.84, the standard 95% cutoff
• =CHISQ.INV.RT(0.5,3)Returns the median of the distribution

Returns the chi-squared test for independence.

• =CHISQ.TEST({10,20},{15,15})Compares observed vs. expected counts, returns a p-value
• =CHISQ.TEST({8,12},{10,10})Returns a p-value testing how well the counts match

Returns the left-tailed F probability distribution.

• =F.DIST(2,5,10,TRUE)Returns the cumulative F-distribution probability
• =F.DIST(1,5,10,TRUE)Returns a value near 0.5

Returns the right-tailed F probability distribution.

• =F.DIST.RT(2,5,10)Returns the right-tail F-distribution probability
• =F.DIST.RT(1,5,10)Returns a value near 0.5

Returns the inverse of the left-tailed F distribution.

• =F.INV(0.5,5,10)Returns the median of this F-distribution
• =F.INV(0.95,5,10)Returns the 95th-percentile cutoff

Returns the inverse of the right-tailed F distribution.

• =F.INV.RT(0.05,5,10)Returns the standard 95% right-tail cutoff
• =F.INV.RT(0.5,5,10)Returns the median

Returns the result of an F-test for equal variances.

• =F.TEST({10,12,14},{9,15,21})Returns a p-value comparing the variance of two samples
• =F.TEST({1,2,3},{1,2,3})Returns 1, since the samples have identical variance

Returns the left-tailed Student's t-distribution.

• =T.DIST(1,10,TRUE)Returns the cumulative t-distribution probability
• =T.DIST(0,10,TRUE)Returns 0.5

Returns the two-tailed Student's t-distribution.

• =T.DIST.2T(2,10)Returns the two-tailed t-distribution probability
• =T.DIST.2T(0,10)Returns 1

Returns the right-tailed Student's t-distribution.

• =T.DIST.RT(2,10)Returns the right-tail t-distribution probability
• =T.DIST.RT(0,10)Returns 0.5

Returns the left-tailed inverse of the t-distribution.

• =T.INV(0.5,10)Returns 0, the median of the t-distribution
• =T.INV(0.95,10)Returns the 95th-percentile cutoff

Returns the two-tailed inverse of the t-distribution.

• =T.INV.2T(0.05,10)Returns the two-tailed 95% cutoff value
• =T.INV.2T(0.1,20)Returns the two-tailed 90% cutoff

Returns the probability from a Student's t-test.

• =T.TEST({10,12,14},{9,15,21},2,2)Returns a p-value comparing the two samples' means
• =T.TEST({1,2,3},{1,2,3},2,1)Returns 1, since the samples are identical

Returns the one-tailed P-value of a z-test.

• =Z.TEST({1,2,3,4,5},3)Returns 0.5, testing against the sample's own mean
• =Z.TEST({1,2,3,4,5},1)Returns a small p-value, since 1 is far from the mean

Returns the Weibull distribution.

• =WEIBULL.DIST(2,1,1,TRUE)Returns the cumulative Weibull probability at x=2
• =WEIBULL.DIST(1,1,1,TRUE)Returns about 0.632

Returns the Poisson distribution.

• =POISSON.DIST(2,3,FALSE)Returns the probability of exactly 2 events when 3 are expected
• =POISSON.DIST(2,3,TRUE)Returns the cumulative probability of 2 or fewer events

Returns the individual term binomial distribution probability.

• =BINOM.DIST(3,10,0.5,FALSE)Returns the probability of exactly 3 successes in 10 tries
• =BINOM.DIST(3,10,0.5,TRUE)Returns the probability of 3 or fewer successes

Returns the probability of a range of outcomes using a binomial distribution.

• =BINOM.DIST.RANGE(10,0.5,3,5)Returns the probability of 3 to 5 successes in 10 tries
• =BINOM.DIST.RANGE(10,0.5,5)Returns the probability of exactly 5 successes

Returns the smallest value for which the cumulative binomial distribution is >= a criterion.

• =BINOM.INV(10,0.5,0.5)Returns the smallest number of successes reaching 50% probability
• =BINOM.INV(10,0.5,0.9)Returns the successes needed to reach 90% probability

Returns the negative binomial distribution.

• =NEGBINOM.DIST(2,3,0.5,FALSE)Returns the probability of 2 failures before the 3rd success
• =NEGBINOM.DIST(0,3,0.5,FALSE)Returns the probability of no failures at all

Returns the hypergeometric distribution.

• =HYPGEOM.DIST(2,4,10,20,FALSE)Returns the probability of 2 successes drawing 4 from a mixed pool
• =HYPGEOM.DIST(1,4,10,20,FALSE)Returns the probability of exactly 1 success

Returns the correlation coefficient between two data sets.

• =CORREL({1,2,3},{2,4,6})Returns 1, a perfect positive correlation
• =CORREL({1,2,3},{6,4,2})Returns -1, a perfect negative correlation

Returns population covariance.

• =COVARIANCE.P({1,2,3},{2,4,6})Returns about 1.33, the population covariance
• =COVARIANCE.P({1,2,3},{1,2,3})Returns about 0.67

Returns sample covariance.

• =COVARIANCE.S({1,2,3},{2,4,6})Returns 2, the sample covariance
• =COVARIANCE.S({1,2,3},{1,2,3})Returns 1

Returns the Pearson product moment correlation coefficient.

• =PEARSON({1,2,3},{2,4,6})Returns 1, a perfect positive correlation
• =PEARSON({1,2,3},{6,4,2})Returns -1

Returns the square of the Pearson correlation coefficient.

• =RSQ({1,2,3},{2,4,6})Returns 1, since the points fit a line perfectly
• =RSQ({1,2,3},{6,4,2})Returns 1, magnitude of fit regardless of direction

Returns the slope of a linear regression line.

• =SLOPE({2,4,6},{1,2,3})Returns 2, the slope of the line through these points
• =SLOPE({1,2,3},{1,2,3})Returns 1

Returns the intercept of a linear regression line.

• =INTERCEPT({2,4,6},{1,2,3})Returns 0, where the line crosses the y-axis
• =INTERCEPT({3,5,7},{1,2,3})Returns 1

Returns the standard error of predicted y-values in a regression.

• =STEYX({2,4,6},{1,2,3})Returns 0, since the points fit a line exactly
• =STEYX({2,5,6},{1,2,3})Returns a small positive number, reflecting scatter

Predicts a future value using linear regression.

• =FORECAST.LINEAR(4,{2,4,6},{1,2,3})Returns 8, predicting the next point on the line
• =FORECAST.LINEAR(5,{2,4,6},{1,2,3})Returns 10

Predicts a future value using exponential smoothing.

• =FORECAST.ETS(DATE(2026,9,1),{100,110,120},{DATE(2026,6,1),DATE(2026,7,1),DATE(2026,8,1)})Forecasts the next value using exponential smoothing
• =FORECAST.ETS(DATE(2026,10,1),{100,110,120},{DATE(2026,6,1),DATE(2026,7,1),DATE(2026,8,1)})Forecasts two periods ahead

Returns a confidence interval for a forecast value.

• =FORECAST.ETS.CONFINT(DATE(2026,9,1),{100,110,120},{DATE(2026,6,1),DATE(2026,7,1),DATE(2026,8,1)})Returns the confidence interval width around the forecast
• =FORECAST.ETS.CONFINT(DATE(2026,9,1),{100,110,120},{DATE(2026,6,1),DATE(2026,7,1),DATE(2026,8,1)},0.9)Returns a wider interval at 90% confidence

Returns the length of a repetitive pattern detected in a time series.

• =FORECAST.ETS.SEASONALITY({10,20,10,20},{1,2,3,4})Detects the repeating pattern length in the data, e.g. 2
• =FORECAST.ETS.SEASONALITY({5,5,5,5},{1,2,3,4})Returns 1, since there's no repeating pattern

Returns a requested statistic for an exponential-smoothing forecast.

• =FORECAST.ETS.STAT({100,110,120},{DATE(2026,6,1),DATE(2026,7,1),DATE(2026,8,1)},1)Returns the smoothing constant used by the forecast model
• =FORECAST.ETS.STAT({100,110,120},{DATE(2026,6,1),DATE(2026,7,1),DATE(2026,8,1)},4)Returns the mean absolute error of the model

Returns values along a linear trend, fitted by least squares.

• =TREND({2,4,6},{1,2,3},4)Returns 8, the trend line's value at x=4
• =TREND({1,2,3},{1,2,3})Returns {1,2,3}, since the data is already linear

Returns values along an exponential growth trend.

• =GROWTH({1,2,4},{1,2,3},4)Returns about 8, projecting exponential growth to x=4
• =GROWTH({2,4,8},{1,2,3})Returns {2,4,8}, matching the existing exponential pattern

Returns statistics describing a linear regression line.

• =LINEST({2,4,6},{1,2,3})Returns the slope and intercept of the best-fit line: {2,0}
• =LINEST({3,5,7},{1,2,3})Returns {2,1}, slope 2 and intercept 1

Returns statistics describing an exponential curve.

• =LOGEST({2,4,8},{1,2,3})Returns the base of the best-fit exponential curve
• =LOGEST({1,3,9},{1,2,3})Fits an exponential curve to these tripling values

Returns the probability that values fall within a given range.

• =PROB({1,2,3},{0.2,0.3,0.5},2)Returns 0.3, the probability assigned to the value 2
• =PROB({1,2,3},{0.2,0.3,0.5},1,2)Returns 0.5, the probability for the range 1 to 2

Returns the density function value for the standard normal distribution.

• =PHI(0)Returns about 0.3989, the standard normal curve's height at 0
• =PHI(1)Returns about 0.2420

Returns the probability that a member of a standard normal population falls between the mean and z.

• =GAUSS(1)Returns about 0.3413, the area between the mean and 1 standard deviation
• =GAUSS(0)Returns 0

Returns the Fisher transformation of x.

• =FISHER(0.5)Returns about 0.5493, the Fisher transformation of 0.5
• =FISHER(0)Returns 0

Returns the inverse of the Fisher transformation.

• =FISHERINV(0.5493)Returns about 0.5, reversing the Fisher transformation
• =FISHERINV(0)Returns 0

Returns how often values occur within given ranges, as a vertical array.

• =FREQUENCY({1,5,10,15},{4,9,14})Counts how many values fall into each bin: {1,1,1,1}
• =FREQUENCY({2,2,3,8},{5})Returns {3,1} — 3 values ≤5, 1 value above

Returns the average of the absolute deviations of data points from their mean.

• =AVEDEV(2,4,6)Returns 1.33, the average distance from the mean
• =AVEDEV(1,1,1)Returns 0

Adds all numbers in a range of cells.

• =SUM(10,20,30)Returns 60
• =SUM({1,2,3,4,5})Returns 15

Adds cells that meet a single condition.

• =SUMIF({"A","B","A"},"A",{10,20,30})Returns 40, adding only where the label is "A"
• =SUMIF({5,15,25},">10")Returns 40 (15+25), values over 10

Adds cells that meet multiple conditions.

• =SUMIFS({10,20,30},{"A","B","A"},"A",{1,2,1},1)Returns 40, matching both conditions
• =SUMIFS({100,200,300},{5,15,25},">10")Returns 500, summing where the criteria range is over 10

Multiplies corresponding array elements and sums the results.

• =SUMPRODUCT({1,2,3},{4,5,6})Returns 32 (1×4 + 2×5 + 3×6)
• =SUMPRODUCT({2,3},{10,10})Returns 50

Returns the sum of the squares of the arguments.

• =SUMSQ(3,4)Returns 25 (3² + 4²)
• =SUMSQ({1,2,3})Returns 14 (1+4+9)

Sums the differences of squares of corresponding values in two arrays.

• =SUMX2MY2({3,4},{1,2})Returns 20, the sum of (x²−y²) for each pair
• =SUMX2MY2({5},{3})Returns 16 (25−9)

Sums the sums of squares of corresponding values in two arrays.

• =SUMX2PY2({3,4},{1,2})Returns 30, the sum of (x²+y²) for each pair
• =SUMX2PY2({5},{3})Returns 34 (25+9)

Sums the squares of differences of corresponding values in two arrays.

• =SUMXMY2({3,4},{1,2})Returns 8, the sum of (x−y)² for each pair
• =SUMXMY2({5},{3})Returns 4

Returns the absolute (unsigned) value of a number.

• =ABS(-15)Returns 15
• =ABS(7)Returns 7, unchanged since it's already positive

Returns 1, 0, or -1 depending on the sign of a number.

• =SIGN(-8)Returns -1, since the number is negative
• =SIGN(8)Returns 1, since the number is positive

Returns the positive square root of a number.

• =SQRT(16)Returns 4
• =SQRT(2)Returns about 1.414

Returns the square root of a number multiplied by pi.

• =SQRTPI(1)Returns the square root of π, about 1.772
• =SQRTPI(4)Returns about 3.545, the square root of 4π

Raises a number to a given power.

• =POWER(2,3)Returns 8 (2 cubed)
• =POWER(5,2)Returns 25

Returns e raised to the power of a given number.

• =EXP(1)Returns about 2.718 (Euler's number, e)
• =EXP(0)Returns 1

Returns the natural logarithm of a number.

• =LN(2.718281828)Returns approximately 1
• =LN(1)Returns 0

Returns the logarithm of a number to a specified base.

• =LOG(100,10)Returns 2, since 10² = 100
• =LOG(8,2)Returns 3, since 2³ = 8

Returns the base-10 logarithm of a number.

• =LOG10(1000)Returns 3, since 10³ = 1000
• =LOG10(100)Returns 2

Returns the remainder after division.

• =MOD(10,3)Returns 1, the remainder of 10÷3
• =MOD(9,3)Returns 0, no remainder

Returns the integer portion of a division.

• =QUOTIENT(10,3)Returns 3, the whole-number part of 10÷3
• =QUOTIENT(20,6)Returns 3

Multiplies all the numbers given as arguments.

• =PRODUCT(2,3,4)Returns 24
• =PRODUCT({1,2,3,4})Returns 24

Rounds a number to a specified number of digits.

• =ROUND(3.14159,2)Returns 3.14
• =ROUND(1234.5,-2)Returns 1200

Rounds a number away from zero.

• =ROUNDUP(3.14159,2)Returns 3.15, always rounding away from zero
• =ROUNDUP(3.1,0)Returns 4

Rounds a number toward zero.

• =ROUNDDOWN(3.98,1)Returns 3.9, always rounding toward zero
• =ROUNDDOWN(3.9,0)Returns 3

Rounds a number to the nearest multiple.

• =MROUND(22,5)Returns 20, the closest multiple of 5
• =MROUND(23,5)Returns 25

Rounds a number up to the nearest multiple of significance.

• =CEILING(22,5)Returns 25, rounded up to the nearest 5
• =CEILING(4.1,1)Returns 5

Rounds a number up, with control over negative-number rounding direction.

• =CEILING.MATH(22,5)Returns 25, rounded up to the nearest 5
• =CEILING.MATH(-4.5)Returns -4, rounding toward zero for negatives by default

Rounds a number up to the nearest multiple, always treating significance as positive.

• =CEILING.PRECISE(22,5)Returns 25
• =CEILING.PRECISE(4.1)Returns 5

Rounds a number down to the nearest multiple of significance.

• =FLOOR(22,5)Returns 20, rounded down to the nearest 5
• =FLOOR(4.9,1)Returns 4

Rounds a number down, with control over negative-number rounding direction.

• =FLOOR.MATH(22,5)Returns 20
• =FLOOR.MATH(4.9)Returns 4

Rounds a number down to the nearest multiple, always treating significance as positive.

• =FLOOR.PRECISE(22,5)Returns 20
• =FLOOR.PRECISE(4.9)Returns 4

Rounds a number down to the nearest integer.

• =INT(8.9)Returns 8, dropping everything after the decimal
• =INT(-3.2)Returns -4, rounding down toward negative infinity

Truncates a number to an integer by removing the decimal part.

• =TRUNC(8.9)Returns 8, simply cutting off the decimal
• =TRUNC(-3.2)Returns -3, cutting off without rounding

Rounds a number up to the nearest even integer.

• =EVEN(3)Returns 4, the next even number up
• =EVEN(2)Returns 2, already even

Rounds a number up to the nearest odd integer.

• =ODD(4)Returns 5, the next odd number up
• =ODD(3)Returns 3, already odd

Returns the factorial of a number.

• =FACT(5)Returns 120 (5×4×3×2×1)
• =FACT(3)Returns 6

Returns the double factorial of a number.

• =FACTDOUBLE(6)Returns 48 (6×4×2)
• =FACTDOUBLE(5)Returns 15 (5×3×1)

Returns the greatest common divisor of given numbers.

• =GCD(12,18)Returns 6, the greatest common divisor
• =GCD(8,20)Returns 4

Returns the least common multiple of given numbers.

• =LCM(4,6)Returns 12, the smallest common multiple
• =LCM(3,5)Returns 15

Returns the number of combinations for a given number of items.

• =COMBIN(5,2)Returns 10, ways to choose 2 items from 5, order doesn't matter
• =COMBIN(4,2)Returns 6

Returns the number of combinations with repetitions allowed.

• =COMBINA(4,2)Returns 10, combinations allowing repeats
• =COMBINA(3,2)Returns 6

Returns the number of permutations for a given number of items.

• =PERMUT(5,2)Returns 20, ways to arrange 2 items from 5, order matters
• =PERMUT(4,2)Returns 12

Returns permutations with repetitions allowed.

• =PERMUTATIONA(3,2)Returns 9, permutations allowing repeats
• =PERMUTATIONA(2,2)Returns 4

Returns the ratio of the factorial of a sum to the product of factorials.

• =MULTINOMIAL(2,3)Returns 10, the multinomial coefficient for 2 and 3
• =MULTINOMIAL(1,1,1)Returns 6

Returns a random decimal number between 0 and 1.

• =RAND()Returns a random decimal between 0 and 1, e.g. 0.6721
• =RAND()*100Returns a random decimal between 0 and 100

Returns a random integer between two given numbers.

• =RANDBETWEEN(1,10)Returns a random whole number from 1 to 10
• =RANDBETWEEN(1,100)Returns a random whole number from 1 to 100

Returns an array of random numbers (dynamic array).

• =RANDARRAY(3,1)Returns a column of 3 random decimals between 0 and 1
• =RANDARRAY(2,2,1,10,TRUE)Returns a 2×2 grid of random whole numbers from 1 to 10

Returns the value of pi.

• =PI()Returns 3.14159265358979
• =PI()*2Returns about 6.283

Converts radians to degrees.

• =DEGREES(PI())Returns 180, converting π radians to degrees
• =DEGREES(PI()/2)Returns 90

Converts degrees to radians.

• =RADIANS(180)Returns π (about 3.14159)
• =RADIANS(90)Returns about 1.5708

Returns the sine of an angle given in radians.

• =SIN(0)Returns 0
• =SIN(PI()/2)Returns 1

Returns the cosine of an angle given in radians.

• =COS(0)Returns 1
• =COS(PI())Returns -1

Returns the tangent of an angle given in radians.

• =TAN(0)Returns 0
• =TAN(PI()/4)Returns about 1 (45 degrees)

Returns the arcsine of a number, in radians.

• =ASIN(1)Returns about 1.5708 (π/2 radians, i.e. 90°)
• =ASIN(0)Returns 0

Returns the arccosine of a number, in radians.

• =ACOS(1)Returns 0
• =ACOS(0)Returns about 1.5708 (90°)

Returns the arctangent of a number, in radians.

• =ATAN(1)Returns about 0.7854 (45°, in radians)
• =ATAN(0)Returns 0

Returns the arctangent from x and y coordinates, in radians.

• =ATAN2(1,1)Returns about 0.7854, the angle to point (1,1)
• =ATAN2(1,0)Returns 0, the angle for a point straight along the x-axis

Returns the hyperbolic sine of a number.

• =SINH(0)Returns 0
• =SINH(1)Returns about 1.1752

Returns the hyperbolic cosine of a number.

• =COSH(0)Returns 1
• =COSH(1)Returns about 1.5431

Returns the hyperbolic tangent of a number.

• =TANH(0)Returns 0
• =TANH(1)Returns about 0.7616

Returns the inverse hyperbolic sine of a number.

• =ASINH(0)Returns 0
• =ASINH(1)Returns about 0.8814

Returns the inverse hyperbolic cosine of a number.

• =ACOSH(1)Returns 0
• =ACOSH(2)Returns about 1.3170

Returns the inverse hyperbolic tangent of a number.

• =ATANH(0)Returns 0
• =ATANH(0.5)Returns about 0.5493

Returns the secant of an angle given in radians.

• =SEC(0)Returns 1
• =SEC(PI())Returns -1

Returns the cosecant of an angle given in radians.

• =CSC(PI()/2)Returns 1
• =CSC(PI()/6)Returns 2

Returns the cotangent of an angle given in radians.

• =COT(PI()/4)Returns about 1
• =COT(PI()/2)Returns about 0

Returns the hyperbolic secant of an angle.

• =SECH(0)Returns 1
• =SECH(1)Returns about 0.6481

Returns the hyperbolic cosecant of an angle.

• =CSCH(1)Returns about 0.8509
• =CSCH(2)Returns about 0.2757

Returns the hyperbolic cotangent of an angle.

• =COTH(1)Returns about 1.3130
• =COTH(2)Returns about 1.0373

Returns the arccotangent of a number, in radians.

• =ACOT(1)Returns about 0.7854 (45°, in radians)
• =ACOT(0)Returns about 1.5708

Returns the inverse hyperbolic cotangent of a number.

• =ACOTH(2)Returns about 0.5493
• =ACOTH(3)Returns about 0.3466

Returns the sum of a power series.

• =SERIESSUM(2,0,1,{1,1,1})Returns 7 (1 + 2 + 4), a simple power series
• =SERIESSUM(1,0,1,{1,1,1})Returns 3 (1+1+1)

Returns a subtotal using a chosen function, ignoring other subtotals and optionally hidden rows.

• =SUBTOTAL(9,{10,20,30})Returns 60 — function 9 means SUM
• =SUBTOTAL(1,{10,20,30})Returns 20 — function 1 means AVERAGE

Applies an aggregate function while optionally ignoring errors or hidden rows.

• =AGGREGATE(9,6,{10,20,"error"})Returns 30, summing while ignoring the error
• =AGGREGATE(1,6,{10,20,30})Returns 20, the average

Converts a Roman numeral to an Arabic (regular) number.

• =ARABIC("XIV")Returns 14
• =ARABIC("IX")Returns 9

Converts an Arabic number to a Roman numeral.

• =ROMAN(14)Returns "XIV"
• =ROMAN(9)Returns "IX"

Converts a number to text in a given base (radix).

• =BASE(10,2)Returns "1010", 10 written in binary
• =BASE(255,16)Returns "FF", 255 written in hexadecimal

Converts text representing a number in a given base into a decimal number.

• =DECIMAL("1010",2)Returns 10, converting binary 1010 to decimal
• =DECIMAL("FF",16)Returns 255, converting hex FF to decimal

Returns the matrix determinant of an array.

• =MDETERM({4,2;3,1})Returns -2, the determinant of the 2×2 matrix
• =MDETERM({1,0;0,1})Returns 1, the determinant of the identity matrix

Returns the inverse matrix of an array.

• =MINVERSE({4,2;3,1})Returns the inverse of the 2×2 matrix
• =MINVERSE({1,0;0,1})Returns the identity matrix, its own inverse

Returns the matrix product of two arrays.

• =MMULT({1,2;3,4},{5,6;7,8})Returns {19,22;43,50}, the matrix product
• =MMULT({1,0;0,1},{5,6;7,8})Returns {5,6;7,8} unchanged (identity matrix)

Returns the identity matrix for a given dimension.

• =MUNIT(2)Returns a 2×2 identity matrix: {1,0;0,1}
• =MUNIT(3)Returns a 3×3 identity matrix

Calculates the periodic payment for a loan based on constant payments and interest rate.

• =PMT(5%/12,60,20000)Returns the monthly payment (about -$377) on a $20,000 loan
• =PMT(4%/12,360,300000)Returns the monthly payment on a 30-year, $300,000 mortgage

Returns the interest portion of a loan payment for a given period.

• =IPMT(5%/12,1,60,20000)Returns the interest portion of the first month's payment
• =IPMT(5%/12,60,60,20000)Returns the interest portion of the final payment, much smaller

Returns the principal portion of a loan payment for a given period.

• =PPMT(5%/12,1,60,20000)Returns the principal portion of the first month's payment
• =PPMT(5%/12,60,60,20000)Returns the principal portion of the final payment, much larger

Returns the future value of an investment based on periodic, constant payments.

• =FV(5%/12,60,-300)Returns the future value after saving $300/month for 5 years at 5%
• =FV(6%,10,0,-1000)Returns the future value of $1,000 invested for 10 years at 6%

Returns the future value of a principal after applying a series of interest rates.

• =FVSCHEDULE(1000,{0.05,0.06,0.07})Grows $1,000 over 3 years at three different rates
• =FVSCHEDULE(1000,{0.1,0.1})Grows $1,000 by 10% twice, compounding

Returns the present value of an investment based on periodic, constant payments.

• =PV(5%/12,60,-300)Returns the present value of $300/month for 5 years at 5%
• =PV(6%,10,0,-2000)Returns how much $2,000 received in 10 years is worth today

Returns the net present value of an investment using a discount rate and cash flows.

• =NPV(8%,-1000,300,400,500)Returns the net present value of an investment with these cash flows
• =NPV(10%,100,100,100)Returns the present value of three $100 payments

Returns net present value for cash flows that are not necessarily periodic.

• =XNPV(0.08,{-1000,300,700},{DATE(2026,1,1),DATE(2026,7,1),DATE(2027,1,1)})Returns NPV using exact dates instead of even periods
• =XNPV(0.05,{-500,600},{DATE(2026,1,1),DATE(2026,12,31)})Returns the present value over a nearly one-year span

Returns the internal rate of return for a series of periodic cash flows.

• =IRR({-1000,300,400,500})Returns the internal rate of return for this cash flow series
• =IRR({-500,200,200,200})Returns the rate that makes this investment break even

Returns the internal rate of return for cash flows that are not necessarily periodic.

• =XIRR({-1000,1200},{DATE(2026,1,1),DATE(2027,1,1)})Returns about 20%, the annualized return
• =XIRR({-1000,300,800},{DATE(2026,1,1),DATE(2026,6,1),DATE(2027,1,1)})Returns the annualized return for irregular dates

Returns the internal rate of return considering both cost of capital and reinvestment rate.

• =MIRR({-1000,300,400,500},8%,10%)Returns the modified IRR using separate borrow/reinvest rates
• =MIRR({-1000,500,500},5%,8%)Returns the modified IRR for this simpler cash flow

Returns the interest rate per period of a loan or investment.

• =RATE(60,-377,20000)Returns the monthly interest rate for this loan (about 0.42%)
• =RATE(360,-1432,300000)Returns the monthly rate for a 30-year mortgage

Returns the number of periods for a loan or investment.

• =NPER(5%/12,-300,20000)Returns how many months it takes to pay off $20,000 at $300/month
• =NPER(6%,-1000,0,10000)Returns years needed to reach $10,000 saving $1,000/year at 6%

Returns straight-line depreciation for one period.

• =SLN(10000,1000,5)Returns $1,800/year — straight-line depreciation over 5 years
• =SLN(5000,0,10)Returns $500/year depreciation

Returns sum-of-years'-digits depreciation for a period.

• =SYD(10000,1000,5,1)Returns the depreciation for year 1, front-loaded
• =SYD(10000,1000,5,5)Returns the depreciation for year 5, the smallest amount

Returns depreciation using the fixed-declining balance method.

• =DB(10000,1000,5,1)Returns year-1 depreciation using the fixed-declining-balance method
• =DB(10000,1000,5,2)Returns year-2 depreciation, smaller than year 1

Returns depreciation using the double-declining balance method.

• =DDB(10000,1000,5,1)Returns $4,000, year-1 depreciation at double the straight-line rate
• =DDB(10000,1000,5,2)Returns a smaller amount for year 2

Returns depreciation for any period, including partial periods, using declining balance.

• =VDB(10000,1000,5,0,1)Returns year-1 depreciation using variable-declining-balance
• =VDB(10000,1000,5,1,2)Returns depreciation for the period between year 1 and year 2

Returns cumulative interest paid between two periods.

• =CUMIPMT(5%/12,60,20000,1,12,0)Returns total interest paid in the first year of the loan
• =CUMIPMT(5%/12,60,20000,13,24,0)Returns total interest paid in year 2, less than year 1

Returns cumulative principal paid between two periods.

• =CUMPRINC(5%/12,60,20000,1,12,0)Returns total principal paid in the first year
• =CUMPRINC(5%/12,60,20000,13,24,0)Returns total principal paid in year 2, more than year 1

Returns the discount rate for a security.

• =DISC(DATE(2026,1,1),DATE(2026,7,1),95,100)Returns the discount rate for a bond priced at 95 vs. 100 face value
• =DISC(DATE(2026,1,1),DATE(2027,1,1),90,100)Returns the annualized discount rate over a full year

Returns the interest rate for a fully invested security.

• =INTRATE(DATE(2026,1,1),DATE(2027,1,1),1000,1050)Returns the interest rate earned on this investment
• =INTRATE(DATE(2026,1,1),DATE(2026,7,1),1000,1030)Returns the rate for a half-year investment

Returns the amount received at maturity for a fully invested security.

• =RECEIVED(DATE(2026,1,1),DATE(2027,1,1),1000,5%)Returns the maturity value of a discounted investment
• =RECEIVED(DATE(2026,1,1),DATE(2026,7,1),1000,4%)Returns the maturity value for a 6-month bill

Returns the price per $100 face value of a security paying periodic interest.

• =PRICE(DATE(2026,1,1),DATE(2030,1,1),5%,6%,100,2)Returns the bond price given its coupon and market rates
• =PRICE(DATE(2026,1,1),DATE(2028,1,1),4%,4%,100,2)Returns 100 — price equals face value when rates match

Returns the price per $100 face value of a discounted security.

• =PRICEDISC(DATE(2026,1,1),DATE(2026,7,1),5%,100)Returns the price of a discounted bond
• =PRICEDISC(DATE(2026,1,1),DATE(2027,1,1),4%,100)Returns the discounted price over a full year

Returns the price per $100 face value of a security paying interest at maturity.

• =PRICEMAT(DATE(2026,1,1),DATE(2026,7,1),DATE(2025,1,1),5%,4%)Returns the price of a bond that pays interest at maturity
• =PRICEMAT(DATE(2026,1,1),DATE(2027,1,1),DATE(2025,1,1),6%,5%)Returns the price for a full-year bond

Returns the yield on a security paying periodic interest.

• =YIELD(DATE(2026,1,1),DATE(2030,1,1),5%,98,100,2)Returns the yield on a bond priced slightly below face value
• =YIELD(DATE(2026,1,1),DATE(2028,1,1),4%,100,100,2)Returns 4%, matching the coupon since price equals face value

Returns the annual yield for a discounted security.

• =YIELDDISC(DATE(2026,1,1),DATE(2026,7,1),95,100)Returns the annualized yield on a discounted bond
• =YIELDDISC(DATE(2026,1,1),DATE(2027,1,1),90,100)Returns the yield over a full year

Returns the annual yield for a security paying interest at maturity.

• =YIELDMAT(DATE(2026,1,1),DATE(2026,7,1),DATE(2025,1,1),5%,98)Returns the yield for a bond that pays interest at maturity
• =YIELDMAT(DATE(2026,1,1),DATE(2027,1,1),DATE(2025,1,1),6%,99)Returns the yield for a full-year bond

Returns the annual duration of a security with periodic interest payments.

• =DURATION(DATE(2026,1,1),DATE(2030,1,1),5%,6%,2)Returns the bond's weighted-average time to repayment, in years
• =DURATION(DATE(2026,1,1),DATE(2028,1,1),4%,4%,2)Returns a shorter duration for a 2-year bond

Returns the modified Macaulay duration for a security.

• =MDURATION(DATE(2026,1,1),DATE(2030,1,1),5%,6%,2)Returns the modified duration, a measure of interest-rate sensitivity
• =MDURATION(DATE(2026,1,1),DATE(2028,1,1),4%,4%,2)Returns a smaller modified duration for a shorter bond

Returns days from the start of a coupon period to the settlement date.

• =COUPDAYBS(DATE(2026,3,15),DATE(2030,1,1),2)Returns days from the last coupon date to settlement
• =COUPDAYBS(DATE(2026,6,1),DATE(2028,1,1),2)Returns days since the previous coupon payment

Returns the number of days in the coupon period containing settlement.

• =COUPDAYS(DATE(2026,3,15),DATE(2030,1,1),2)Returns the number of days in the coupon period containing settlement
• =COUPDAYS(DATE(2026,6,1),DATE(2028,1,1),4)Returns days in a quarterly coupon period

Returns days from settlement to the next coupon date.

• =COUPDAYSNC(DATE(2026,3,15),DATE(2030,1,1),2)Returns days from settlement to the next coupon
• =COUPDAYSNC(DATE(2026,6,1),DATE(2028,1,1),2)Returns days until the next coupon payment

Returns the next coupon date after settlement.

• =COUPNCD(DATE(2026,3,15),DATE(2030,1,1),2)Returns the next coupon date after settlement
• =COUPNCD(DATE(2026,6,1),DATE(2028,1,1),4)Returns the next quarterly coupon date

Returns the number of coupons payable between settlement and maturity.

• =COUPNUM(DATE(2026,3,15),DATE(2030,1,1),2)Returns how many coupon payments remain until maturity
• =COUPNUM(DATE(2026,6,1),DATE(2028,1,1),4)Returns the number of remaining quarterly payments

Returns the previous coupon date before settlement.

• =COUPPCD(DATE(2026,3,15),DATE(2030,1,1),2)Returns the coupon date just before settlement
• =COUPPCD(DATE(2026,6,1),DATE(2028,1,1),4)Returns the previous quarterly coupon date

Returns accrued interest for a security paying periodic interest.

• =ACCRINT(DATE(2026,1,1),DATE(2026,7,1),DATE(2026,4,1),5%,1000,2)Returns interest accrued since the last coupon date
• =ACCRINT(DATE(2026,1,1),DATE(2027,1,1),DATE(2026,10,1),4%,1000,1)Returns accrued interest for a later settlement date

Returns accrued interest for a security paying interest at maturity.

• =ACCRINTM(DATE(2026,1,1),DATE(2026,7,1),5%,1000)Returns interest accrued on a bond paid at maturity
• =ACCRINTM(DATE(2026,1,1),DATE(2027,1,1),4%,1000)Returns a full year's accrued interest

Returns depreciation for each accounting period using a French declining-balance method.

• =AMORDEGRC(10000,DATE(2026,1,1),DATE(2026,12,31),1000,1,20%)Returns depreciation using the French declining-balance method
• =AMORDEGRC(10000,DATE(2026,1,1),DATE(2026,12,31),1000,2,20%)Returns depreciation for period 2

Returns depreciation for each accounting period using a French straight-line method.

• =AMORLINC(10000,DATE(2026,1,1),DATE(2026,12,31),1000,1,20%)Returns depreciation using the French straight-line method
• =AMORLINC(10000,DATE(2026,1,1),DATE(2026,12,31),1000,2,20%)Returns depreciation for period 2

Converts a dollar price expressed as a fraction into a decimal.

• =DOLLARDE(1.01,16)Converts a price quoted as 1 and 1/16th to decimal 1.0625
• =DOLLARDE(1.1,8)Converts 1 and 1/8ths to decimal 1.125

Converts a dollar price expressed as a decimal into a fraction.

• =DOLLARFR(1.0625,16)Converts decimal 1.0625 back to fractional notation 1.01
• =DOLLARFR(1.125,8)Converts 1.125 to fractional 1.1 (in 8ths)

Returns the effective annual interest rate given a nominal rate.

• =EFFECT(6%,12)Returns about 6.17%, the true annual rate for 6% compounded monthly
• =EFFECT(5%,4)Returns the effective annual rate for 5% compounded quarterly

Returns the nominal annual interest rate given an effective rate.

• =NOMINAL(6.17%,12)Returns about 6%, the nominal rate behind a 6.17% effective rate
• =NOMINAL(5%,4)Returns the nominal quarterly-compounded rate

Returns the bond-equivalent yield for a Treasury bill.

• =TBILLEQ(DATE(2026,1,1),DATE(2026,7,1),5%)Returns the bond-equivalent yield of a T-bill
• =TBILLEQ(DATE(2026,1,1),DATE(2026,4,1),4%)Returns the equivalent yield for a shorter T-bill

Returns the price per $100 face value for a Treasury bill.

• =TBILLPRICE(DATE(2026,1,1),DATE(2026,7,1),5%)Returns the price per $100 face value of a T-bill
• =TBILLPRICE(DATE(2026,1,1),DATE(2026,4,1),4%)Returns the price for a shorter-term T-bill

Returns the yield for a Treasury bill.

• =TBILLYIELD(DATE(2026,1,1),DATE(2026,7,1),98)Returns the yield on a T-bill priced at 98
• =TBILLYIELD(DATE(2026,1,1),DATE(2026,4,1),99)Returns the yield for a shorter-term T-bill

Returns the price per $100 face value of a security with an odd first period.

• =ODDFPRICE(DATE(2026,2,1),DATE(2030,1,1),DATE(2026,1,1),DATE(2026,7,1),5%,6%,100,2)Returns bond price with an odd (short/long) first coupon period
• =ODDFPRICE(DATE(2026,3,1),DATE(2028,1,1),DATE(2026,1,1),DATE(2026,7,1),4%,4%,100,2)Returns price for a shorter bond with an odd first period

Returns the yield of a security with an odd first period.

• =ODDFYIELD(DATE(2026,2,1),DATE(2030,1,1),DATE(2026,1,1),DATE(2026,7,1),5%,99,100,2)Returns yield for a bond with an odd first coupon period
• =ODDFYIELD(DATE(2026,3,1),DATE(2028,1,1),DATE(2026,1,1),DATE(2026,7,1),4%,100,100,2)Returns yield for a shorter odd-first-period bond

Returns the price per $100 face value of a security with an odd last period.

• =ODDLPRICE(DATE(2026,6,1),DATE(2030,1,1),DATE(2029,7,1),5%,6%,100,2)Returns bond price with an odd last coupon period
• =ODDLPRICE(DATE(2026,6,1),DATE(2028,1,1),DATE(2027,7,1),4%,4%,100,2)Returns price for a shorter odd-last-period bond

Returns the yield of a security with an odd last period.

• =ODDLYIELD(DATE(2026,6,1),DATE(2030,1,1),DATE(2029,7,1),5%,99,100,2)Returns yield for a bond with an odd last coupon period
• =ODDLYIELD(DATE(2026,6,1),DATE(2028,1,1),DATE(2027,7,1),4%,100,100,2)Returns yield for a shorter odd-last-period bond

Returns the number of periods needed to reach a future value.

• =PDURATION(5%,1000,2000)Returns years needed for $1,000 to double at 5% growth
• =PDURATION(8%,1000,1500)Returns years for $1,000 to grow to $1,500 at 8%

Returns an equivalent interest rate for the growth of an investment.

• =RRI(10,1000,2000)Returns about 7.2%, the growth rate for $1,000 to double in 10 years
• =RRI(5,1000,1500)Returns the annual rate for $1,000 to grow to $1,500 in 5 years

Returns the interest paid for a specific period of a loan with even principal payments.

• =ISPMT(5%/12,1,60,20000)Returns the interest due in month 1 of this loan
• =ISPMT(5%/12,60,60,20000)Returns the interest due in the final month, which is 0

Returns rows or columns that meet given criteria; spills results automatically.

• =FILTER({1,2,3,4,5},{1,0,1,0,1}=1)Returns 1, 3, 5 — only where the condition is TRUE
• =FILTER({"A","B","C"},{10,20,5}>8)Returns "A","B", where the matching numbers exceed 8

Sorts a range or array and spills the sorted result.

• =SORT({3,1,2})Returns 1, 2, 3 in ascending order
• =SORT({3,1,2},1,-1)Returns 3, 2, 1 in descending order

Sorts a range or array based on values in another range.

• =SORTBY({"A","B","C"},{3,1,2})Returns "B","C","A", sorted by the second list
• =SORTBY({"A","B","C"},{3,1,2},-1)Returns "A","C","B", sorted descending by the second list

Returns a list of unique values from a range, removing duplicates.

• =UNIQUE({1,2,2,3,3,3})Returns 1, 2, 3 — each value once
• =UNIQUE({"A","B","A"})Returns "A","B"

Generates a spilled array of sequential numbers.

• =SEQUENCE(5)Returns 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 as a column
• =SEQUENCE(3,1,10,5)Returns 10, 15, 20 — 3 numbers starting at 10, stepping by 5

Creates a custom, reusable function using Excel's own formula language.

• =LAMBDA(x,x*2)(5)Names x as a parameter, then returns 10 (x*2 with x=5)
• =LAMBDA(a,b,a+b)(3,4)Returns 7, adding the two supplied arguments

Applies a LAMBDA to each element of one or more arrays, returning a new array.

• =MAP({1,2,3},LAMBDA(x,x*2))Returns 2, 4, 6 — doubling each item
• =MAP({1,2,3},LAMBDA(x,x^2))Returns 1, 4, 9 — squaring each item

Accumulates a total by applying a LAMBDA across an array.

• =REDUCE(0,{1,2,3},LAMBDA(a,b,a+b))Returns 6, adding up the list starting from 0
• =REDUCE(1,{1,2,3},LAMBDA(a,b,a*b))Returns 6, multiplying the list starting from 1

Applies a LAMBDA across an array and returns each intermediate value.

• =SCAN(0,{1,2,3},LAMBDA(a,b,a+b))Returns 1, 3, 6 — a running total
• =SCAN(1,{1,2,3},LAMBDA(a,b,a*b))Returns 1, 2, 6 — a running product

Applies a LAMBDA to each row of an array, returning one result per row.

• =BYROW({1,2;3,4},LAMBDA(r,SUM(r)))Returns 3 and 7, the sum of each row
• =BYROW({1,2;3,4},LAMBDA(r,MAX(r)))Returns 2 and 4, the max of each row

Applies a LAMBDA to each column of an array, returning one result per column.

• =BYCOL({1,2;3,4},LAMBDA(c,SUM(c)))Returns 4 and 6, the sum of each column
• =BYCOL({1,2;3,4},LAMBDA(c,MAX(c)))Returns 3 and 4, the max of each column

Builds an array of a given size by calculating each element with a LAMBDA.

• =MAKEARRAY(2,2,LAMBDA(r,c,r*c))Builds a 2×2 grid where each cell equals row×column
• =MAKEARRAY(3,1,LAMBDA(r,c,r))Returns 1, 2, 3 — each row's own number

Stacks arrays vertically into a single array.

• =VSTACK({1,2},{3,4})Stacks the rows vertically: {1,2;3,4}
• =VSTACK({"A"},{"B"},{"C"})Stacks into a single column: A, B, C

Stacks arrays horizontally into a single array.

• =HSTACK({1,2},{3,4})Combines side by side: {1,2,3,4}
• =HSTACK({"A";"B"},{"C";"D"})Combines two columns into {"A","C";"B","D"}

Transforms an array into a single column.

• =TOCOL({1,2;3,4})Flattens the grid into a single column: 1,2,3,4
• =TOCOL({1,2;3,4},0,TRUE)Flattens by column instead of by row: 1,3,2,4

Transforms an array into a single row.

• =TOROW({1,2;3,4})Flattens the grid into a single row: 1,2,3,4
• =TOROW({1,2;3,4},0,TRUE)Flattens by column instead of by row: 1,3,2,4

Wraps a row or column of values into columns of a given length.

• =WRAPCOLS({1,2,3,4,5,6},2)Wraps the list into columns of height 2: {1,2;3,4;5,6}
• =WRAPCOLS({1,2,3},2)Returns {1,2;3,""}, padding the last column

Wraps a row or column of values into rows of a given length.

• =WRAPROWS({1,2,3,4,5,6},2)Wraps the list into rows of length 2: {1,2;3,4;5,6}
• =WRAPROWS({1,2,3},2)Returns {1,2;3,""}, padding the last row

Returns a specified number of rows or columns from the start or end of an array.

• =TAKE({1,2,3,4,5},2)Returns the first 2 items: 1, 2
• =TAKE({1,2,3,4,5},-2)Returns the last 2 items: 4, 5

Removes a specified number of rows or columns from an array.

• =DROP({1,2,3,4,5},2)Drops the first 2 items, leaving 3, 4, 5
• =DROP({1,2,3,4,5},-2)Drops the last 2 items, leaving 1, 2, 3

Expands an array to specified dimensions, padding with a chosen value.

• =EXPAND({1,2},1,4,0)Pads the list to 4 columns with zeros: 1,2,0,0
• =EXPAND({1,2;3,4},3,3,"-")Expands to a 3×3 grid, filling new cells with "-"

Groups, aggregates, and summarizes data directly with a formula.

• =GROUPBY({"A","B","A"},{10,20,30},SUM)Groups by label and sums: A=40, B=20
• =GROUPBY({"A","B","A"},{10,20,30},AVERAGE)Groups by label and averages: A=20, B=20

Creates a two-dimensional summary (like a PivotTable) directly with a formula.

• =PIVOTBY({"A","B"},{"X","Y"},{10,20},SUM)Builds a mini pivot table summing values by two categories
• =PIVOTBY({"A","B"},{"X","Y"},{10,20},COUNT)Builds a pivot table counting entries by two categories

Retrieves historical stock price data.

• =STOCKHISTORY("MSFT","1/1/2026","1/31/2026")Returns daily historical prices for MSFT in January 2026
• =STOCKHISTORY("AAPL",TODAY()-30,TODAY())Returns AAPL's price history for the last 30 days

Runs Python code inside a cell and returns the result (requires Python in Excel).

• =PY("2+2")Runs the Python expression 2+2 and returns 4
• =PY("sum([1,2,3])")Runs Python's sum() on a list and returns 6

Checks whether a cell is empty.

• =ISBLANK(A1)Returns TRUE if A1 is empty, FALSE if it has any value
• =IF(ISBLANK(A1),"Empty","Filled")Shows "Empty" or "Filled" depending on A1

Checks whether a value is any error.

• =ISERROR(1/0)Returns TRUE, since dividing by zero produces an error
• =ISERROR(1/1)Returns FALSE

Checks whether a value is any error except #N/A.

• =ISERR(1/0)Returns TRUE for most errors, but FALSE specifically for #N/A
• =ISERR(NA())Returns FALSE, since ISERR excludes #N/A

Checks whether a value is the #N/A error.

• =ISNA(NA())Returns TRUE, since the value is exactly #N/A
• =ISNA(1/0)Returns FALSE, a different error type

Checks whether a value is a number.

• =ISNUMBER(5)Returns TRUE
• =ISNUMBER("5")Returns FALSE, since "5" is text

Checks whether a value is text.

• =ISTEXT("Hello")Returns TRUE
• =ISTEXT(5)Returns FALSE, since 5 is a number

Checks whether a value is not text.

• =ISNONTEXT(5)Returns TRUE, since 5 is not text
• =ISNONTEXT("Hello")Returns FALSE

Checks whether a value is TRUE or FALSE.

• =ISLOGICAL(TRUE)Returns TRUE
• =ISLOGICAL(1)Returns FALSE, since 1 is a number, not TRUE/FALSE

Checks whether a value is a valid cell reference.

• =ISREF(A1)Returns TRUE, since A1 is a valid cell reference
• =ISREF(5)Returns FALSE, since 5 isn't a reference

Checks whether a cell contains a formula.

• =ISFORMULA(A1)Returns TRUE if A1 contains a formula, FALSE otherwise
• =IF(ISFORMULA(B2),"Formula","Static value")Labels B2 based on whether it holds a formula

Checks whether a number is even.

• =ISEVEN(4)Returns TRUE
• =ISEVEN(5)Returns FALSE

Checks whether a number is odd.

• =ISODD(5)Returns TRUE
• =ISODD(4)Returns FALSE

Checks whether a value is missing in a LAMBDA and returns TRUE if so.

• =LAMBDA(x,IF(ISOMITTED(x),"none",x))()Returns "none" when the argument x wasn't supplied
• =LAMBDA(x,IF(ISOMITTED(x),"none",x))(5)Returns 5, since x was supplied

Converts a value to a number.

• =N(5)Returns 5, unchanged since it's already a number
• =N("text")Returns 0, since text converts to 0

Returns the #N/A error value.

• =NA()Returns the #N/A error value
• =IF(A1="",NA(),A1)Returns #N/A if A1 is empty

Returns a code indicating the data type of a value.

• =TYPE(5)Returns 1, the code for a number
• =TYPE("text")Returns 2, the code for text

Returns information about the formatting, location, or contents of a cell.

• =CELL("type",A1)Returns "b" (blank), "l" (label/text), or "v" (value) for A1
• =CELL("address",B5)Returns "$B$5", the address of the referenced cell

Returns information about the current operating environment.

• =INFO("system")Returns the operating system, e.g. "pcdos" or "mac"
• =INFO("numfile")Returns the number of active worksheets

Returns a number matching a specific error type.

• =ERROR.TYPE(1/0)Returns 2, the code for a #DIV/0! error
• =ERROR.TYPE(NA())Returns 7, the code for #N/A

Returns the sheet number of the referenced sheet.

• =SHEET()Returns the number of the current sheet, e.g. 1
• =SHEET("Sheet2")Returns the position of Sheet2

Returns the number of sheets in a reference or workbook.

• =SHEETS()Returns the total number of sheets in the workbook
• =SHEETS(A1:A1)Returns 1, since the reference spans one sheet

Sums values in a field of a list or database that match given criteria.

• =DSUM({"Fruit","Qty";"Apple",5;"Pear",3},"Qty",{"Fruit";"Apple"})Returns 5, summing Qty where Fruit is Apple
• =DSUM({"Fruit","Qty";"Apple",5;"Apple",2},"Qty",{"Fruit";"Apple"})Returns 7, summing both Apple rows

Averages values in a field of a list or database that match given criteria.

• =DAVERAGE({"Fruit","Qty";"Apple",4;"Apple",6},"Qty",{"Fruit";"Apple"})Returns 5, the average Qty for Apple rows
• =DAVERAGE({"Fruit","Qty";"Pear",10},"Qty",{"Fruit";"Pear"})Returns 10

Counts the numeric cells in a field that match given criteria.

• =DCOUNT({"Fruit","Qty";"Apple",5;"Pear",""},"Qty",{"Fruit";"Apple"})Returns 1, counting numeric Qty entries matching Apple
• =DCOUNT({"Fruit","Qty";"Apple",5;"Apple",7},"Qty",{"Fruit";"Apple"})Returns 2

Counts the non-empty cells in a field that match given criteria.

• =DCOUNTA({"Fruit","Note";"Apple","ripe"},"Note",{"Fruit";"Apple"})Returns 1, counting non-empty Note entries for Apple
• =DCOUNTA({"Fruit","Note";"Apple","ripe";"Apple","sweet"},"Note",{"Fruit";"Apple"})Returns 2, counting both non-empty Note entries for Apple

Extracts a single value from a field that matches given criteria.

• =DGET({"Fruit","Qty";"Apple",5},"Qty",{"Fruit";"Apple"})Returns 5, the single Qty value matching Apple
• =DGET({"Fruit","Qty";"Pear",3},"Qty",{"Fruit";"Pear"})Returns 3

Returns the largest value in a field that matches given criteria.

• =DMAX({"Fruit","Qty";"Apple",5;"Apple",9},"Qty",{"Fruit";"Apple"})Returns 9, the largest Qty among Apple rows
• =DMAX({"Fruit","Qty";"Pear",3},"Qty",{"Fruit";"Pear"})Returns 3

Returns the smallest value in a field that matches given criteria.

• =DMIN({"Fruit","Qty";"Apple",5;"Apple",2},"Qty",{"Fruit";"Apple"})Returns 2, the smallest Qty among Apple rows
• =DMIN({"Fruit","Qty";"Pear",3},"Qty",{"Fruit";"Pear"})Returns 3

Multiplies values in a field that match given criteria.

• =DPRODUCT({"Fruit","Qty";"Apple",5;"Apple",2},"Qty",{"Fruit";"Apple"})Returns 10, multiplying matching Qty values
• =DPRODUCT({"Fruit","Qty";"Pear",4},"Qty",{"Fruit";"Pear"})Returns 4

Estimates sample standard deviation from matching database entries.

• =DSTDEV({"Fruit","Qty";"Apple",4;"Apple",6;"Apple",8},"Qty",{"Fruit";"Apple"})Returns the sample standard deviation of matching Qty values
• =DSTDEV({"Fruit","Qty";"Pear",5;"Pear",5},"Qty",{"Fruit";"Pear"})Returns 0, since both values are identical

Calculates population standard deviation from matching database entries.

• =DSTDEVP({"Fruit","Qty";"Apple",4;"Apple",6;"Apple",8},"Qty",{"Fruit";"Apple"})Returns the population standard deviation of matching Qty values
• =DSTDEVP({"Fruit","Qty";"Pear",5;"Pear",5},"Qty",{"Fruit";"Pear"})Returns 0

Estimates sample variance from matching database entries.

• =DVAR({"Fruit","Qty";"Apple",4;"Apple",6;"Apple",8},"Qty",{"Fruit";"Apple"})Returns the sample variance of matching Qty values
• =DVAR({"Fruit","Qty";"Pear",5;"Pear",5},"Qty",{"Fruit";"Pear"})Returns 0

Calculates population variance from matching database entries.

• =DVARP({"Fruit","Qty";"Apple",4;"Apple",6;"Apple",8},"Qty",{"Fruit";"Apple"})Returns the population variance of matching Qty values
• =DVARP({"Fruit","Qty";"Pear",5;"Pear",5},"Qty",{"Fruit";"Pear"})Returns 0

Converts a number from one measurement system to another.

• =CONVERT(1,"mi","km")Returns about 1.609, converting 1 mile to kilometers
• =CONVERT(32,"F","C")Returns 0, converting 32°F to Celsius

Converts a binary number to decimal.

• =BIN2DEC("1010")Returns 10, converting binary 1010 to decimal
• =BIN2DEC("11111")Returns 31

Converts a binary number to hexadecimal.

• =BIN2HEX("1010")Returns "A", converting binary to hexadecimal
• =BIN2HEX("11111111")Returns "FF"

Converts a binary number to octal.

• =BIN2OCT("1010")Returns "12", converting binary to octal
• =BIN2OCT("111")Returns "7"

Converts a decimal number to binary.

• =DEC2BIN(10)Returns "1010", converting decimal to binary
• =DEC2BIN(31)Returns "11111"

Converts a decimal number to hexadecimal.

• =DEC2HEX(255)Returns "FF", converting decimal to hexadecimal
• =DEC2HEX(16)Returns "10"

Converts a decimal number to octal.

• =DEC2OCT(8)Returns "10", converting decimal to octal
• =DEC2OCT(64)Returns "100"

Converts a hexadecimal number to binary.

• =HEX2BIN("A")Returns "1010", converting hex to binary
• =HEX2BIN("FF")Returns "11111111"

Converts a hexadecimal number to decimal.

• =HEX2DEC("FF")Returns 255, converting hex to decimal
• =HEX2DEC("A")Returns 10

Converts a hexadecimal number to octal.

• =HEX2OCT("FF")Returns "377", converting hex to octal
• =HEX2OCT("A")Returns "12"

Converts an octal number to binary.

• =OCT2BIN("12")Returns "1010", converting octal to binary
• =OCT2BIN("7")Returns "111"

Converts an octal number to decimal.

• =OCT2DEC("12")Returns 10, converting octal to decimal
• =OCT2DEC("100")Returns 64

Converts an octal number to hexadecimal.

• =OCT2HEX("12")Returns "A", converting octal to hexadecimal
• =OCT2HEX("377")Returns "FF"

Combines real and imaginary parts into a complex number.

• =COMPLEX(3,4)Returns "3+4i", building a complex number
• =COMPLEX(1,-2)Returns "1-2i"

Returns the absolute value (modulus) of a complex number.

• =IMABS("3+4i")Returns 5, the magnitude of the complex number
• =IMABS("6+8i")Returns 10

Returns the imaginary coefficient of a complex number.

• =IMAGINARY("3+4i")Returns 4, the imaginary part
• =IMAGINARY("5")Returns 0

Returns the real coefficient of a complex number.

• =IMREAL("3+4i")Returns 3, the real part
• =IMREAL("5i")Returns 0

Returns the argument (angle in radians) of a complex number.

• =IMARGUMENT("3+4i")Returns about 0.927 radians, the angle of the complex number
• =IMARGUMENT("1+0i")Returns 0

Returns the complex conjugate of a complex number.

• =IMCONJUGATE("3+4i")Returns "3-4i", flipping the sign of the imaginary part
• =IMCONJUGATE("5-2i")Returns "5+2i"

Returns the cosine of a complex number.

• =IMCOS("0")Returns 1, the cosine of a purely real complex number
• =IMCOS("1+1i")Returns a complex result

Returns the hyperbolic cosine of a complex number.

• =IMCOSH("0")Returns 1
• =IMCOSH("1+1i")Returns a complex hyperbolic cosine result

Returns the cotangent of a complex number.

• =IMCOT("1")Returns the cotangent of the complex number 1
• =IMCOT("1+1i")Returns a complex result

Returns the cosecant of a complex number.

• =IMCSC("1")Returns the cosecant of the complex number 1
• =IMCSC("1+1i")Returns a complex result

Returns the hyperbolic cosecant of a complex number.

• =IMCSCH("1")Returns the hyperbolic cosecant of 1
• =IMCSCH("1+1i")Returns a complex result

Divides two complex numbers.

• =IMDIV("10+2i","2")Returns "5+1i", dividing by a real number
• =IMDIV("4+4i","2+2i")Returns "2"

Returns the exponential of a complex number.

• =IMEXP("0")Returns 1, e raised to 0
• =IMEXP("1")Returns about 2.718 (e)

Returns the natural logarithm of a complex number.

• =IMLN("1")Returns 0, the natural log of 1
• =IMLN("2.718")Returns about 1

Returns the base-2 logarithm of a complex number.

• =IMLOG2("8")Returns 3, since 2³=8
• =IMLOG2("1")Returns 0

Returns the base-10 logarithm of a complex number.

• =IMLOG10("100")Returns 2, since 10²=100
• =IMLOG10("1")Returns 0

Returns a complex number raised to a power.

• =IMPOWER("2+3i",2)Squares the complex number 2+3i
• =IMPOWER("2",3)Returns 8

Multiplies complex numbers.

• =IMPRODUCT("3+4i","1-2i")Multiplies the two complex numbers
• =IMPRODUCT("2","3")Returns 6

Returns the secant of a complex number.

• =IMSEC("1")Returns the secant of the complex number 1
• =IMSEC("0")Returns 1

Returns the hyperbolic secant of a complex number.

• =IMSECH("0")Returns 1
• =IMSECH("1")Returns the hyperbolic secant of 1

Returns the sine of a complex number.

• =IMSIN("0")Returns 0
• =IMSIN("1+1i")Returns a complex sine result

Returns the hyperbolic sine of a complex number.

• =IMSINH("0")Returns 0
• =IMSINH("1")Returns about 1.175

Returns the square root of a complex number.

• =IMSQRT("4")Returns 2, the square root of the complex number 4
• =IMSQRT("-1")Returns "i"

Subtracts two complex numbers.

• =IMSUB("5+3i","2+1i")Returns "3+2i", subtracting the two complex numbers
• =IMSUB("10","4")Returns 6

Adds complex numbers.

• =IMSUM("3+4i","1+2i")Returns "4+6i", adding the two complex numbers
• =IMSUM("2","3")Returns 5

Returns the tangent of a complex number.

• =IMTAN("0")Returns 0
• =IMTAN("1+1i")Returns a complex tangent result

Returns the modified Bessel function In(x).

• =BESSELI(1,0)Returns the modified Bessel function value at x=1, order 0
• =BESSELI(1,1)Returns the value for order 1 instead

Returns the Bessel function Jn(x).

• =BESSELJ(1,0)Returns the Bessel function value at x=1, order 0
• =BESSELJ(1,1)Returns the value for order 1 instead

Returns the modified Bessel function Kn(x).

• =BESSELK(1,0)Returns the modified Bessel function (2nd kind) at x=1, order 0
• =BESSELK(1,1)Returns the value for order 1 instead

Returns the Bessel function Yn(x).

• =BESSELY(1,0)Returns the Bessel function (2nd kind) at x=1, order 0
• =BESSELY(1,1)Returns the value for order 1 instead

Returns the error function integrated between two limits.

• =ERF(1)Returns about 0.8427, the error function at x=1
• =ERF(0)Returns 0

Returns the error function.

• =ERF.PRECISE(1)Returns about 0.8427, the error function at x=1
• =ERF.PRECISE(0)Returns 0

Returns the complementary error function.

• =ERFC(1)Returns about 0.1573, the complementary error function at x=1
• =ERFC(0)Returns 1

Returns the complementary error function integrated from x to infinity.

• =ERFC.PRECISE(1)Returns about 0.1573
• =ERFC.PRECISE(0)Returns 1

Tests whether two numbers are exactly equal, returning 1 or 0.

• =DELTA(5,5)Returns 1, since the two numbers are equal
• =DELTA(5,6)Returns 0, since they differ

Tests whether a number is greater than or equal to a threshold, returning 1 or 0.

• =GESTEP(5,3)Returns 1, since 5 is greater than or equal to 3
• =GESTEP(2,3)Returns 0

Returns a bitwise AND of two numbers.

• =BITAND(5,3)Returns 1 — bitwise AND of binary 101 and 011
• =BITAND(12,10)Returns 8

Returns a bitwise OR of two numbers.

• =BITOR(5,3)Returns 7 — bitwise OR of binary 101 and 011
• =BITOR(12,2)Returns 14

Returns a bitwise XOR (exclusive OR) of two numbers.

• =BITXOR(5,3)Returns 6 — bitwise XOR of binary 101 and 011
• =BITXOR(12,10)Returns 6

Returns a number shifted left by the specified number of bits.

• =BITLSHIFT(4,2)Returns 16, shifting binary 100 left by 2 places
• =BITLSHIFT(1,3)Returns 8

Returns a number shifted right by the specified number of bits.

• =BITRSHIFT(16,2)Returns 4, shifting binary 10000 right by 2 places
• =BITRSHIFT(8,3)Returns 1

Returns a URL-encoded string, replacing special characters.

• =ENCODEURL("hello world")Returns "hello%20world", URL-safe encoded text
• =ENCODEURL("a&b")Returns "a%26b"

Returns specific data from XML content using an XPath expression.

• =FILTERXML(xml,"//price")Extracts the "price" values from an XML string
• =FILTERXML(xml,"//title")Extracts the "title" element's text from an XML string